莱布尼茨发明二进制前没有见过先天图吗--对欧洲现存17世纪中西交流文献的考证

本文通过对欧洲现存17世纪中西交流文献的研究考证,否定了莱布尼茨在发明二进制以后才见到先天图的说法.先天图在莱布尼茨发明二进制之前,已被斯比塞尔称之为二进制.从莱布尼茨的信中,可见先天图传入欧洲早于17世纪.     

朱震易学纳甲观初探

朱震易学纳甲观有着极为丰富的内涵.他不仅继承了京房、虞翻以纳甲注<易>的方法,而且试图从理论上论证纳甲为<周易>所固有.他以八卦纳甲数理解释天地五十五之数,这在易学史上是一种独创.他试图将月体纳甲与先天八卦结合起来,这反映了他作为象数易学家,沿着整合汉宋易学的方向探索和努力.论文从纳甲、纳甲图与先天八卦出发,考量朱震融纳甲与先天八卦于一体之成功与不足.     

观念的关系,或先天的形式——论胡塞尔对休谟与康德"先天"概念的反省

一方面,在休谟的主要著作中,先天(apriori)这一概念很少出现,但胡塞尔却认为休谟的"观念的关系"是惟一真正的认识论上重要的先天概念。另一方面,"先天"是康德哲学原则性的主题之一,"先天的形式"可谓康德对先天的基本理解,但胡塞尔却宣称,康德缺乏真正的先天概念。胡塞尔正是通过对休谟和康德"先天"概念的反省而发现他本人所谓的"本质-先天"概念,并在思想发展史上产生了重大效应。     

邵雍先天易“天地自然之数”一解——对冯友兰先生《邵雍的“先天学”》的两点补充

作者通过对冯友兰先生《邵雍的“先天学”》的两点补充,认为．邵雍“先天易”图的六十四卦卦序按二进制六位数的大小依次排列而来．此即是宋代道学家所谓的“天地自然之数”。作者由此进一步揭示了先天卦序与阴阳生息的卦气思想之同．在一定程度上的某种暗合与实质上的相互矛盾。     

对《先天图与二进制巧合的秘密》一文质疑

我读了施忠连同志《先天图与二进制巧合的秘密》一文(载《哲学研究》1985年第2期,以下简称“施文”)之后,有些不同的看法和想法,现在提出来与施同志商榷,不妥之处,渴望自然科学和哲学界同志指正。 一、是巧合还是符合 施文认为,“先天图与二进制是巧合”,主要理由有两点:一是,伏羲是中国原始时代流传下来的神话传说中的人物。二是,莱布尼茨发明二进制在前,而看到先天图在后。笔者认为这两点值得商榷。     

论“后天八卦”中的数理内涵──兼论《禹贡》和《太玄》对称三进制

"先天八卦"中具有数理内涵,同样,"后天八卦"中亦具有数理内涵。前者呈二进制形态,后者则为三进制形态。《系辞》曰:"太极生两仪,两仪生四象,四象生八卦。"其实,四象生八卦有两种不同的逻辑法则,这两种不同的逻辑法则导致二进制八卦与三进制八卦。而且"后天八卦"与五行具有内在的关联,因此,"后天八卦"中的数理内涵比"先天八卦"中的数理内涵更显丰富。     

邵雍先天学的两个层面:象数学与本体论——兼论朱熹对邵雍先天学的误读

邵雍是易学大家,又是北宋五子之一,他的学术贡献在于其先天学的建构.邵雍先天学可分为先天象数学和先天学本体论两个层面.先天象数学以易图为基础,以易数推衍为形式,建构了庞大的数理哲学体系,它们表达了邵雍对宇宙万物运行规律的认识;先天学本体论对宇宙进行本体论分析,认为太极或者天地之心既是宇宙的存在根据,也是人类的价值本体,它们表达了邵雍对宇宙和人生之本体的认识.但是,传统学术史对邵雍先天学的解读,往往集中在先天象数学的层面,而忽视了先天学本体论,这是一个误读,朱熹就是如此误读的一个典型.     

先天易的数学基础初探——试论先天卦序与二进位制

本文从自然数及其记数法的基本慨念出发。辨析了与二进位制相关的几个容易混淆的概念,指出序数概念的引入在近代数学发展中有重要意义。作为邵雍数学学派的数学基础,先天易是数学史上第一个专门定义的序数体系,该序数体系在数学史上率先采用了二进位制记数法。先天易作为二进制序数体系这一事实在明清时期引起不同的反响,反对者认为它使易道沦落,大数学家汪莱则从P进制的角度论证它的优越性。本文最后还对近年来反对先天易与二进制有关的两种典型观点进行了剖析．指出其谬误所在。     

"推天道以明人事":邵雍先天易学旨趣

邵雍对其先天易学(或称先天学、先天象数学)的阐释是为推演先天而在的形上之理而展开,在此过程中,先天象数易学只是其表意的工具而不是其学术思想的全部.形式上,先天易学是邵雍通过一套阴阳消长模式构建起来的象数易学;而内容上,先天易学则是其借<易>阐发儒家的性命义理之学.邵雍在其易学思想的阐释中,力图构建一个贯穿于天地万物的最高法则--"先天"之道,而最终落脚点却是其儒学所主张的人事之用.因此,他对易学的阐释始终围绕着"推天道以明人事"的易学旨趣展开.     

黄道周"天方图"与"天方盘"考释

漳浦县黄道周纪念馆中的天方盘和黄道周<易象正>中的天方图大同小异,本文细致分析比较了二者结构的区别和相似,对其方圆数度关系作出考释.天方图是黄道周易学体系的重要基石,在其易学著述中,很多易、历、律的象数关系,都要根据天方图来说明.方以智一家三代对黄道周的天方图都很欣赏,黄道周的天方思想实有进一步深入研究的必要.     

Wittgenstein and the Dualism of the Inner and the Outer

A dualism characteristic of modern philosophy is the conception of the inner and the outer as two independently intelligible domains. Wittgenstein’s attack on this dualism contains deep insights. The main insight (excavated from §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations) is this: our sensory consciousness is deeply shaped by language and this shaping plays a fundamental role in the etiology of the dualism. I locate this role in the learning of a sensation-language (as described in §244), by showing that this learning is, under another aspect, the incision of language, namely the infliction of cuts upon certain natural-primitive unities between the inner and the outer. These cuts, driven by powerful forces, eventually harden into an entrenched division between the inner and the outer, thereby providing a constant soil for the dualism. That this dualism is rooted in the very learning of a language is cause for ambivalence about language.     

Peter McHugh and Analysis: The One and the Many, the Universal and the Particular, the Whole and the Part

This paper takes the passing of Peter McHugh as an occasion to examine the intellectual development of his work. The paper is mainly focused on the product of his collaboration with his colleague and friend, Alan Blum. As such, it addresses the tradition of social inquiry, Analysis, which they cofounded. It traces the influence of Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology on McHugh and on the beginning of Analysis. The collaboration with Blum is examined through a variety of coauthored works but most especially in the two books On the Beginning of Social Inquiry (1974) and Self Reflection in the Arts and Sciences (1984). It also examines the relation of his independent writing before 1974, and since 1984 to the expression of the tradition of inquiry as exemplified in those two texts. The paper builds on some interview material with Peter McHugh and reflects on the influence of Peter the teacher as well as the theorist McHugh. Most especially, through its engagement with this material, it seeks to exemplify the dialectic and living nature of the program called Analysis.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

经济全球化与东西方宗教

本文认为,由于科技的高度发展,信息网络技术的普及,经济全球化已成为不可逆转的发展趋势;而经济全球化必然带来东西方宗教的种种变化。作者从传统宗教的复兴、民族宗教的冲突、宗教与政治的结缘。宗教的普世化与本色化、新兴宗教的异军突起及东西方宗教的交流与融合等６个方面分析了当前东西方宗教的这种发展趋势。     

Glossolalia and the psychology of the self and narcissism

A survey of the religious and psychological literature on glossolalia (speaking in tongues) reviews the various ways that have been used to try to understand this fascinating practice. At the present time an impasse has been reached: glossolalists can no longer be viewed as suffering from psychopathological disorders or from sociological deprivation. Insights derived from the psychology of the self and narcissism, as presented in the works of Heinz Kohut and D.W. Winnicott, are used to suggest new approaches to understand glossolalia.     

Belief and the problem of Ulysses and the sirens

While self-contained, this paper is a sequel to my Belief and the Will (1984); see theBibliographical Note at the end of this paper for a survey of the relevant literature since then and supplementary references. I have meanwhile benefitted greatly from Brad Armendt's commentary and Richard Foley's How should future opinion affect current opinion?, both presented at a symposium at the APA Central Division, April 1993.     

Spontaneity and Self-Consciousness in the Groundwork and the B-Critique

ABSTRACT

According to some influential readings of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the view presented there of the kind of spontaneity we are conscious of through theoretical reason and the significance of such self-consciousness is irremediably at odds with the Critical theory, and thus roundly and rightly rejected in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the Groundwork can be read as articulating for the first time the account of self-consciousness and spontaneity that Kant goes on to develop in the B-Critique, especially the B-Transcendental Deduction.