晚清新教传教士的中国佛教观

十九世纪下半叶,来华新教传教士群体发生很大变化,他们对待中国宗教文化的态度上也趋于多元。艾约瑟、艾德、毕尔、丁韪良、李提摩太、苏慧廉等几位具有自由思想的晚清新教传教士,试图一次次跳出传统佛教观的范式以及对中国佛教进行套语式的描述,开诚布公地去充分认知中国佛教这个“他者”。佛教词典的编撰、佛教经典的英译出版,标志着他们对中国佛教研究已经达到一个新阶段。不管他们最初的动机怎样,客观上都促进了中国佛教文化的西传以及西方汉学的发展,增进了中西宗教文化的对话与交流。以今日的眼光去评价他们的著述,不难发现其中的缺失,但无论如何,他们是西方学界了解中国佛教的先驱学者。     

耶稣会士对《四书》的翻译与阐释

明清之际的耶稣会士对中国经典<四书>的翻译经历了一个漫长的过程.他们对<四书>的翻译与阐释既是出于耶稣会士学习中国语言文学的需要,同时也是与耶稣会在华传教策略密切关联的一项重要工程.耶稣会传教士译什么、怎么译,都是经过精心选择的.尽管这些传教士的最初动因是为了更好地在华宣教,但与其它差会的传教士不同,基于"补儒易佛"的...     

论明清之际传教士与岭南佛教界的交涉

明清之际西方传教士开始进入中国。他们以澳门为跳板,先后在肇庆和韶州建立了教堂,传播区域扩及广东、广西和海南等岭南地区。其传播策略先是以佛教身份行基督教之实,随着认识的改变,传教士开始向儒家靠拢,转而批判佛教,甚至打砸庙宇、神像。与此对应,岭南佛教界也从热情欢迎传教士的态度转变为争锋相对地采取措施驱逐传教士。在基督教传播过程中,传教士和岭南佛教界代表两种文化形态相互试探和争斗。     

李提摩太与佛教典籍英译

中国经典西传,传教士功不可没。从最初耶稣会士利玛窦(Matteo Ricci)把《四书》译成拉丁文,到后来的新教传教士理雅各(JamesLegge)四书五经的英译,传教士对中国典籍的西译工作,极大地促进了中国文化,尤其是儒家思想的西传和西方汉学的发展。而早已作为中国文化一部分的汉语佛教     

佛教史视野中的"聖"和"隐僧"

在中国和日本的佛教史上存在过被称为"隐僧"和"聖"的团体,他们同出而异名,有着相当密切的文化渊源.但是在各自国家的佛教发展史上起着不同的作用,尤其是在推进宗教改革、向民众的普及佛教以及倡导社会救济方面存在很大差异,由此可见两国佛教文化的不同走向.     

浅谈"伪经"与观音信仰的中国化

观音信仰在流传中不断发展、变化,与观音有关的大乘显密经典,多达80种,其中最重要的经典计有:东晋佛陀跋陀罗译《华严经》、东晋竺难提译《请观世音菩萨消伏毒害陀罗尼咒经》(简称《请观世音经》)、北周耶舍崛多译《十一面观世音神咒经》、北宋昙无忏译《悲华经》、唐玄奘译《心经》、唐般剌密帝译《楞严经》、刘宋昙无竭译《观世音菩萨授记经》、伽梵达摩译《千手千眼无碍大悲心陀罗尼经》、菩提流支译《不空索经》、宋天息灾译《大乘庄严宝王经》及《法华经》等。随着观音信仰的普遍流行,中国内地也出现了一大批佛教列为“伪经”的有关观…     

中国佛教的心

中国佛教的心［日］木村清孝著张文良译编者按：本文是日本著名佛教学者木村清孝先生今年在东京大学的一篇讲演稿,反映了日本佛教学者对中国佛教的看法。文中观点并不代表法音编辑部的意见。近代以来,日本学术界非常重视对中国佛教的研究,资料收集极为丰富,研究领域非...     

"先入之见"与"自以为是"——清前期来华传教士对程朱理学的诠释与传播

明清时期,中西文化交流引人注目,已有不少研究成果,但对于清前期西方来华传教士与程朱理学的关系尚有探讨余地。当时,无论是西学东渐,还是东学西传,均是通过西方来华传教士进行的。也就是说,对多数中国人与西方人而言,他们所认识的对方文化,实质是间接的即经过传教士诠释后的文化,从某种程度上,传教士决定了东西双方的相互看法。这样,作为文化中介,传教士对双方文化的诠释便变得尤为关键。以清前期来华传教士对程朱理学的诠释为例。传教士对于中国人,程朱理学对于西方人,均构成跨文化的对象,而传教士肩负的传播天主福音的使命更增强了跨文化…     

华严典籍的早期传译

华严经典在华翻译发端于东汉,而后单品经与集成经并行、经与论并译。最初由西方来华僧人担任主译,精通梵语的汉人为其襄助,后逐渐形成官方译场。翻译的方法主要由"音译"转变为"意译"。华严典籍的早期翻译历程反映了魏晋南北朝大乘佛教中菩萨信仰的逐渐兴起及其在判教中所占据的重要地位。华严经典的早期翻译史是中国佛教经典翻译史的典型,彰显了佛教中国化的历史路径。     

"三世"概念与"善恶报应"--佛教中国化的一个范例分析

印度佛教中的“三世”说和因果报应论是对中国人的宗教思想和信仰产生重大影响的理论。然而中国佛教的因果报应论已经不再是原本意义上的印度佛教思想,其中掺杂了大量的中国传统思想。本文考察印度佛教的三世概念、因果报应论与中国灵魂论和善恶报应思想的融合过程,并试图通过佛教的中国化过程来说明佛教理论的变化与发展。     

儿童Graves'病研究进展

Grave's病(GD)是导致儿童甲亢最常见的病因,其易感性80%决定于基因因素.ATD治疗是最常推荐的初始治疗手段,但长期缓解率仅为30%.ATD诱导儿童GD缓解的合适用药时间尚不明确.最佳治疗方式(ATD、RAI或手术)的选择还存在重大争议.药物治疗复发的预测非常重要,最近建立了一种复发风险评分,通过种族、年龄、诊断时FT4、TRAb水平、ATD预期治疗持续时间将GD儿童分成低中高三类风险人群,对其复发风险作出评估,对于确定GD儿童在初始治疗时选择何种方案更为适合意义重大.     

Certification in Testing in Canada

This article presents a brief outline of a program developed by the Canada Employment and Immigration Commission (CEIC) for certifying employment counselors to use tests in Canada Employment Centres (CECs).     

自伤青少年的冲动性

以自我报告、行为学和脑电为指标, 检验自伤青少年的冲动性。研究1, 对820名普通中学生和72名工读生进行问卷调查, 探讨自伤行为与情绪调节困难、冲动性的关系。结果表明, 冲动性能够预测自伤行为, 且预测效应量大于情绪调节困难。研究2, 采用Go/Nogo范式的ERPs实验, 检验自伤组与对照组冲动控制的行为学与脑电差异。结果表明, 自伤组Nogo正确反应的N2波幅显著高于对照组, N2潜伏期在部分电极点处高于对照组。脑电地形图显示两者的脑电差异主要体现在前额叶区。结论：自伤青少年的冲动性高于同龄普通青少年。     

Occupational Stress in Workers and Managers in Steelworks in China

Occupational stressors and strains of 121 Chinese steelwork employees and 122 managers were measured using the Chinese version of the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI). It was found that factors intrinsic to the job, Type A behavior, logic, and organizational structure and climate were the main predictors of mental ill-health and physical ill-health in managers. Organizational structure and climate and relationships with other people were important predictors for workers. Management processes and organizational forces were the strongest predicting factors of job satisfaction in both samples. On certain OSI scales and subscales, managers scored statistically higher than workers. It is proposed that these results reflect the enormous economic and social changes currently taking place in China, together with certain features inherent in Chinese organizational and managerial processes.     

Sex differences in relational aggression in preschool children in Iran

The purpose of this study was to compare scores on a Relational Aggression Questionnaire for preschool boys and girls in Iran. The questionnaire was developed here, and its reliability and validity were assessed. Teachers' reports of relational aggression in 258 children ages 3 to 7 years was studied. Sex differences in relational aggression were not observed and was not significantly different across age groups.     

Evidence for sex differences in brain organization in recovery in aphasia

Ninety-one adult aphasics of both sexes were studied before and after a 3-month period of language therapy. Although no initial sex difference was found in severity of language disorders, females within the global aphasic group showed significantly greater improvement in three tests of language comprehension. It is suggested that more bilateral representation of language functions in the female brain may account for this greater improvement.     

Ethical Issues in Counselling in Education

It is suggested that there are two quite distinct Systems of ethics and practice in use by counsellors in education: the integrated model, which emphasises viewing the counsellor-institution relationship as theprimary ethical perspective; and the differentiated model, which emphasises the counsellor-client relationship as the starting point for an ethical understanding of the counsellor's role. The implications of these two perspectives for ethical issues relating to sources of referrai, issues of confidentiality, accountability for resources, the implications of role diffusion, and the outcomes of counselling, are examined. The ethical consequences of viewing the two Systems as reconcilable or incompatible are explored.