Conflicts of interest in science in Armenia

The author describes problems facing Armenia in reorganization of the structure of science in the post-socialist era with the aim of utilizing limited state resources more efficiently by reducing the number of separate scientific institutes, concentrating on essential core subjects required by the nation and encouraging all other projects to compete in the international arena for grant sponsorship. An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.     

PTSD在中国的研究进展

PTSD是近十年来在中国精神病学界逐渐引起重视的一种反应性精神障碍。随着国外对PTSD的深入研究以及中国心理卫生事业的发展,相关领域的学者开始从事这一方面的研究并取得了不少成就。文章对中国PTSD的流行病学、神经生物学基础、病因学以及诊断和治疗等各个方面的研究作了初步总结和探讨。     

工程中利益冲突问题研究

首先在详细分析工程中利益冲突已有定义的基础上,本文从不同角度提出了一种不同的定义。然后,分析了利益冲突的构成,并列举了利益冲突的情形。接着,分析了利益冲突的伦理问题,并提出解决方法。最后介绍了美国工程社团以及大型企业有关利益冲突的伦理章程和行为规范。     

A review of methods in the study of attention in autism

Atypical attention, while not a diagnostic feature, is common in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The study of these atypicalities has recently gained in both quantity and quality, due in part to an increased focus on attentional atypicalities as one of the earliest signs of ASD in infancy. A range of attentional processes and components have been investigated, and the methods used are varied, from Posner-type paradigms, to the more recent use of eye-movement recording and change-detection techniques. This methodological complexity is one factor in the production of conflicting evidence on the topic of attention in ASD. This review uses a focus on methodology to clarify the literature to date and provide a resource for researchers wishing to study attention in ASD. Other factors that have contributed to the current discrepancies in findings are discussed, particularly the role of individual and group differences within the population of people with ASD.     

Visual impressions of penetration in the perception of objects in motion

Observers viewed visual stimuli in which one object moved to a position of partial occlusion by another. The objects were presented as two-dimensional profiles moving in an undefined space, so the partial occlusion supports several different physical interpretations. In fact some stimuli reliably gave rise to a perceptual impression that the moving object penetrated or pierced the stationary one. This kind of interaction impression has not previously been reported. The impression was maximized by rapid deceleration to a halt with minimal occlusion. If the object decelerated more slowly, so that it was completely occluded or projected from the far side of the stationary object, it was perceived as moving behind the stationary object. The shape of the moving object and its speed prior to occlusion had significant but small effects.     

Components of aggression in chickens and conceptualizations of aggression in general

A refined analysis of the peck order in chickens was offered as a test of the notion that for this species, different responses such as leaping and various types of pecking need not be interchangeable indexes of aggression. Indeed, tests showed that particular response types of the birds were differentially mediated by organismic or environmental factors. In large cages pecking at the body was most frequent by birds that had a home-cage advantage. Contrarily, rates of aggressive leaping were independent of this environmental influence, with males having an advantage over females. Males showed more head pecking than females, but the profile for this sex difference did not resemble the profile for leaping. Correlational analyses revealed that whereas head pecking between testmates was not matched in frequency, leaping was positively related. Finally, the behavior of birds tested in small cages differed from that of the large-cage subjects. Although there was more head pecking in the small cages, males did not have an edge, and leaping was infrequent. Such results indicate that these responses cannot be viewed as interchangeable indicators of aggression in fowl.     

Invariance of cognitive triage in the development of recall in adulthood

Past research has demonstrated that cognitive triage (weak-strong-weak recall pattern) is a robust effect that optimises children's recall. The aim of the current research was to determine whether adults’ free recall also exhibits triage and whether cognitive triage is less marked with older than younger adults’ recall. Younger and older adults memorised 16 unrelated words until all items were recalled perfectly. The triage pattern existed for both the younger and older adults’ recall and there was evidence for age differences in triage. Our results are consistent with claims of greater verbatim forgetting and increased susceptibility to output interference with age in adulthood. Further research is needed to determine whether fuzzy-trace theory adequately explains the ageing of triage and what factors play a role in the development of this pattern of recall in adulthood.     

Reports of recovered memories of childhood abuse in therapy in France

ABSTRACT

Recovered memories of abuse in therapy are especially controversial if the clients were not aware they were abused before therapy. In the past, such memory recovery has led to legal action, as well as a debate about whether such memories might be repressed, forgotten, or false memories. More than two decades after the height of the controversy, it is unclear to what degree such memories are still recovered today, and to what extent it occurs in France. In our French survey of 1312 participants (M_age?=?33; 53% female), 551 reported having done therapy at some point. Of that 551, 33 (6%) indicated they had recovered memories of abuse in therapy that they did not know about before therapy. Sexual abuse was the most commonly reported type that was recovered in therapy (79%). As in past research, discussing the possibility of repressed memories with therapists was associated with reports of recovered memories of abuse. Surprisingly, memory recovery occurred just as much in behavioural and cognitive therapies as it did in therapies focused on trauma. We found recovered memories in a proportion of clients who began therapy recently. Recovered memories in therapy appears to be an ongoing concern in France.     

道家养生之行气法门

SMI行气,呼吸也,是吐纳、闭气、存气、胎息的称谓。亦属道家真人练功行气的术语,总称调息。通过有序的吐故纳新而排除胸中、体内各大经络脏器内部的污浊,而吸进新鲜气机以达到促进新陈代谢之目的。因为人体的活力之流在于气,尤其是体内之真气。气聚则生,气散则亡,而交换气机又在于呼吸。人从有生命那一刻起,就一分钟也离不开呼吸,有生命的存在就必须有呼吸的伴随。人三五天不吃饭照样有生命的存在,若三五分钟不呼吸就没有生命的可能。气乃人身生命之本,气行则血行,气泄则血凝。息乃炼功之根蒂,气与息合而为积性存命之本源。人之呼吸,起于…     

中国宗教问题面临挑战

当前,中国宗教领域的局势总体是稳定的,这 首先有赖于在中国共产党领导下,半个世纪以来中 国的巨大进步,特别是二十多年来改革开放的成 功,国力不断增强,社会安定,人民社会地位提高 和生活水平的改善。也得益于中国党和政府统战政 策、民族政策和宗教政策的正确贯彻,受到了各族 信教群众的拥护。但仍面对着许多现实问题,必须 加以关注,归纳起来主要是:     

《心理科学进展》2014年度审稿专家名录

<正>《心理科学进展》编辑部热忱感谢下列审稿专家在2014年对本刊的大力支持。《心理科学进展》上发表的论文能够保持今天的高质量,与他们认真负责、公正无私的精神密不可分。编辑部代表广大读者和作者对这些审稿专家表示感谢!以下是《心理科学进展》2014年度(2014.1.1~2014.12.31)审稿专家名单,括号内为审稿篇次。     

Differences in language performance in variations of lateralization

Language proficiency was studied in 489 primary-school-aged children classified as extreme left-, extreme right-, mild left-, and mild right-handers on the basis of both hand-preference and hand-skill, using a test battery of seven measures. An ANOVA run on factor scores showed neither significant association of language proficiency with variations of lateralization regarding hand-preference and hand-skill nor differences in factor structure derived from a principal component analysis between extreme vs. mild hand-preference and hand-skill groups. Moreover, low language proficiency was not significantly associated with specific patterns of lateralization in hand-preference subgroups. In contrast, low language performers with poor hand-skill were significantly overrepresented both in the extreme left-handed group alone and when combined with the extreme right-handed, in comparison to mild left- and mild right-handed with respect to population. The data are not consistently accommodated by the theory of balanced polymorphism (mainly Annett, 1978, 1985 Annett & Manning, 1989 ). Alternately, factors such as lag of maturation ( Bishop, 1980, 1984, 1990a, 1990b ), delay of growth ( Geschwind & Galaburda, 1985b ), and developmental instability associated with unique patterns of variations in lateralization ( Yeo, Gangestad, & Daniel, 1993 ) are discussed as possible factors accounting for the present results.     

Conflict of interest in medical research in Estonia

An area where conflicts of interest can take place in Estonia is in the conduct of clinical trials. The paper lists the main areas where such conflicts of interest can occur. The author also briefly discusses Estonia’s current position with regard to regulating genetic information and the commencement of the Estonian Genome Project. An earlier version of this paper was presented at an International Conference on “Conflict of Interest and its Significance in Science and Medicine” held in Warsaw, Poland on 5–6 April, 2002.     

多元文化互动中的印尼伊斯兰教本土化

印度尼西亚共和国总人口为2.8亿,其中穆斯林的比例是87%,即穆斯林人数是2.4亿多。大多数印尼穆斯林聚居于苏门答腊、爪哇与南加里曼丹,苏拉威西和马鲁古的穆斯林比例与其他宗教基本持平,而西巴布亚、巴厘岛、西帝汶和东努沙登加拉的穆斯林占少数。①由这个分布比例可知,印尼穆斯林的传承与发展,重点还是在爪哇和苏门答腊,这与整个马来群岛文化圈的历史发展是息息相关的。因此,笔者选取印度尼西亚为案例,通过史料简叙伊斯兰教在马来群岛的立足与发展,以此分析历史进程中的印尼伊斯兰教本土化。     

Sex differences in indicators of well-being in adolescents

The 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, administered to 964 females and 852 males in randomly selected high schools in a midwestern state, indicated significantly greater negative indicators of mental and physical well-being for adolescent girls than adolescent boys. Results of the 1997 survey finding that significantly more adolescent girls reported engaging in several high risk sexual and drug behaviors such as having their first drink of alcohol at an earlier age, driving a vehicle in the past 30 days when they had been drinking, smoking at an earlier age, smoking more cigarettes per day, and using over-the-counter drugs to get high more often, were supported and enlarged.