Qu’est-ce que les professionnels dévoilent d’eux-mêmes dans la relation thérapeutique avec les personnes atteintes de schizophrénie ?

IntroductionHealth professionals’ self-disclosure is a common practice, but there is still controversy regarding when it is appropriate, what the extent and content of self-disclosure should be, and what the clinical consequences are.ObjectivesThis qualitative study aimed to investigate self-disclosure in health and social-care professionals.MethodThirteen in-depth interviews with group leaders of an intervention to improve pleasure and motivation in schizophrenia. The interviews were subjected to thematic analysis.ResultsProfessionals describe their personal disclosures as authentic sharing of lived experiences. From a content point of view, professionals select simple events from their personal or professional life, which they find easy to share with patients, in a group. The selection criteria for these experiences mainly concern the therapeutic value and are formulated in terms of relevance of the content and the usefulness envisioned for the patient as well as authenticity. Self-disclosure generates a redefinition of the places in interaction and a more egalitarian relationship.ConclusionSelf-disclosure is found to be a tool for developing and maintaining the therapeutic relationship. Further studies of the phenomenon would be useful to design training and supervision for professionals.     

Cotherapist modeling in group psychotherapy: Fact or fantasy?

This study examines ratings of cotherapist self-disclosure furnished by members in 20 outpatient groups. Clients completed a specially designed measure to assess three dimensions of therapist transparency: positive or negative valence, low or high risk, and the target of the disclosure, namely, the individual members, the group as a whole, the therapist her/himself, or the co-leader. Exploration of the frequency of therapist-to-therapist disclosure provided an evaluation of the modeling hypothesis that is so prevalent in the literature. The findings demonstrate that although the overall level of therapist self-disclosure was quite low, results were consistent with expectations showing that most of the personal comments were positive, low risk, and rarely directed to the cotherapist. The viability of the modeling concept in co-led groups is challenged.     

Retrospective and Prospective Cognitions in Anxiety and Depression

A study is reported that examined memory for past experiences and anticipation of future experiences within panic disorder patients (N = 17), depressed patients (N = 16), and controls (N = 17). Anticipation and recall of positive and negative experiences were examined by administering an adapted verbal fluency paradigm. Participants were asked to generate future and past, positive and negative experiences in response to various time-frame cues. Anxiety was associated with generating more negative experiences but not fewer positive experiences; depression was associated with generating fewer positive experiences but not more negative experiences. The patterns for recall of past experiences and anticipation of future experiences were very similar.     

Look Who's Talking: Measuring Self-Disclosure in MFT

While self-disclosure plays a prominent role in the development and maintenance of the therapeutic relationship, most marriage and family therapy clinical research fails to include measures of self-disclosure. A factor analysis of Chelune's (1976) Self Disclosure Situations Survey (SDSS) reduces the number of items in this measure from 20 to six. Researchers are encouraged to consider conducting clinical research with specific attention to the construct of self-disclosure. The revised SDSS could easily be added as part of the self-report information collected in clinical studies.     

Testing Two Theoretical Explanations for the Attraction-Enhancing Effects of Self-Disclosure

The study investigated the differential ability of similarity theory and social exchange theory to predict the effects of self-disclosure in a counseling versus a friendship encounter The participants were 80 undergraduates. A 2 (counseling or friendship) × 2 (positive or negative disclosure) × 2 (relevant or irrelevant disclosure) design was used in which participants rated the videotaped self-disclosure of an individual in an initial dyadic encounter. Unequivocal support was not obtained for either of the theories, but relationship context (counselor vs. peer) influenced the effects of disclosure as measured on counselor-peer and relationship characteristics. A unique feature of the study was the use of the Client Reactions System (CRS) to measure participants' immediate reactions to self-disclosure. The CRS demonstrated both relationship context and valence of disclosure (positive or negative) effects.     

青少年与同伴自我表露问卷的编制

从青少年与同伴自我表露的主题入手,以文献研究和已有问卷为基础,结合开放式问卷所获资料,编制青少年与同伴自我表露问卷。对917名青少年进行了施测,对调查数据进行探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析。探索性因素分析结果表明,青少年与同伴自我表露的主题包括亲子关系、身体发育、兴趣爱好、亲密友谊、学习情况、学校经历和观点态度7个方面;验证性因素分析结果表明,所提取的7个因素与构想模型拟合较好,自编的青少年与同伴自我表露问卷的信、效度均达到心理测量学的要求     

Perceived intimacy of expressed emotion

Research on norms for emotional expression and self-disclosure provided the basis for two hypotheses concerning the perceived intimacy of emotional self-disclosure. The first hypothesis was that the perceived intimacy of negative emotional disclosure would be greater than that of positive emotional disclosure; the second was that disclosures of more intense emotional states would be perceived as more intimate than disclosures of less intense emotional states for both negative and positive disclosures. Both hypotheses received support when male students in Canada rated the perceived intimacy of self-disclosures that were equated for topic and that covered a comprehensive sample of emotions and a range of emotional intensities. The effects were observed across all the topics of disclosure examined.     

网络自我表露的类型、功能及其影响因素

网络自我表露是自我表露在网络空间的延伸.本研究对网络自我表露提出整合性界定,并将其从形式、程度和表达方式三种角度予以分类.网络自我表露对个体存在积极和消极两方面的影响.网络自我表露的产生和发展受社会文化、网络环境、性别、年龄和个体心理等因素的影响.认知实验研究、影响因素的深入探讨、新兴网络媒体的自我表露现象、跨文化研究和特殊群体的网络自我表露等可以成为今后的研究取向.     

The social and academic adjustment experiences of first-year students at a historically disadvantaged peri-urban university in South Africa

The goal of the research was to explore the social and academic experiences of first-year students at a peri-urban university in South Africa. Eighteen students (females = 50%, mean age = 19.88 years), participated in focus group discussions on their experiences of social and academic adjustment. Data were analysed using Thematic Content Analysis. The study found that first-year students reported both positive and negative adjustment experiences. Positive academic adjustment experiences included academic and financial support, and negative ones included unsupportive lecturers and departments, workload and lack of accommodation. Positive social adjustment experiences included social and emotional support and independence, while negative experiences were experienced as disintegration which included aspects of social isolation and homesickness. First-year students’ experiences carry both benefits and costs to their sense of well-being as learners.     

An Investigation of Client and Counselor Variables That Influence Likelihood of Counselor Self-Disclosure

Selected client and counselor variables affecting reported likelihood of self-disclosure by 120 experienced clinicians in relation to four scenarios were examined. Variables included client age and diagnosis and counselor gender, experience, and exposure to disclosing counselors in their own experience of counseling. Disclosure likelihood was greatest for high ego-strength diagnoses and for respondents who reported positive disclosures from counselors in their own counseling experiences. Reasons for and against using self-disclosure also were examined. Reasons for disclosing included promoting universality, giving encouragement, modeling, rapport-building, and offering alternatives. Reasons against disclosing included boundary blurring, concern about counselor welfare, merging, and premature closure. Implications for practice and research are discussed.     

Personality Change from Life Experiences: Moderation Effect of Attachment Security

This study focused on effects of life experiences on change in personality and moderation effects of attachment security on the life experience influences. With a sample of Japanese university students (N = 1,000; 679 female; M = 19.72; SD = 1.26; age range, 18–25 years), the Big Five personality traits were assessed twice. The assessment interval was 20 weeks. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses revealed that there were large between‐individual differences in change and stability of the Big Five personality traits, which were accounted for by the amount of daily positive and negative life experiences during the interval period. Moreover, multi‐group HLM analyses indicated that the life experience effects were moderated by participants' attachment security at Time 1. These findings suggest that the accumulation of small daily experiences may work for the personality development of university students and that environmental influences may vary by individual susceptibility to experiences, like attachment security.     

“It’s Worth It in the End”: Veterans’ Experiences in Prolonged Exposure and Cognitive Processing Therapy

Despite the efficacy of evidence-based psychotherapies (EBP) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and efforts to disseminate them, only 6–13% of veterans seeking care through the Veterans Affairs health care system receive these treatments. EBPs such as prolonged exposure (PE) and cognitive processing therapy (CPT) are exposure-based treatments. Provider and patient fears regarding the tolerability of exposure-based treatments likely impede their delivery and completion. The present study utilized qualitative interviews with 23 veterans who completed at least eight sessions of either PE or CPT to elicit firsthand accounts of veterans’ experiences in these EBPs. Results suggest that while a minority of veterans reported initial symptom worsening, the majority of veterans reported positive experiences and felt that, despite being stressful, these EBPs were “worth it.” Most veterans discussed thoughts of discontinuing treatment prematurely, but stated that adherence was encouraged by their commitment to finishing, desperation for relief, therapist/group support, and family support. Veterans believed exposure made an important contribution to symptom improvement, as did greater self-understanding and changing negative or unhelpful beliefs. These findings indicate veteran satisfaction with PE and CPT, and may assist providers to develop strategies to increase adherence and treatment completion.     

青少年自我表露和自我隐瞒的特点及其与主观幸福感的关系

采用问卷调查的方法,对691名初一至大四学生的自我表露和自我隐瞒特点及其与主观幸福感的关系进行了研究。结果表明:(1)女生对父亲、母亲以及最好同性朋友的表露高于男生,自我隐瞒则低于男生。(2)初中生对母亲的表露高于高中生;中学生对最好同性朋友的表露低于大学生;青少年对最好异性朋友的表露随年级增长而提高。(3)独生子女对最好同性朋友和最好异性朋友的表露显著低于非独生子女。(4)青少年自我表露时对目标人的偏爱也存在性别和年级差异。(5)多元回归分析表明,对父母的表露能正向预测生活满意度;对父亲和最好异性朋友的表露能正向预测正性情感;自我隐瞒和对父亲的表露分别能正向和负向预测负性情感。     

Prevalence of Counselor Self-Reference in the Therapeutic Dyad

Ninety-one male and female counselors completed a survey assessing the frequency of their use of self-referent statements (positive and negative self-disclosure and positive and negative self-involving responses) in individual counseling. As the researchers hypothesized, counselors reported using a significantly greater frequency of positive versus negative self-reference. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no significant differences due to either counselor gender or level of counseling experience alone. There was, however, an interaction for males such that as experience increased, self-reference decreased. Implications for training and research are discussed.     

Is self disclosure by a physically handicapped proband reciprocated by the interaction partner? An experimental study of the effect of physical handicap on interaction behavior with non-handicapped interaction partners

An experimental study tested whether an able-bodied person's positive disposition toward a disabled interaction partner was effective in the amount of reciprocation given to the disabled partner's self-disclosure. Sixty female subjects were confronted with either a disabled or nondisabled conversation partner who showed either a high or a low amount of self-disclosure. We anticipated that a "sympathy" effect of disablement in the amount of the subjects' self-disclosure would result from the nondisabled partner's overcompensation. This arises from an effort to compensate the negative, stereotyped attitudes to the disabled in actual behavior toward a single, disabled person by more strongly reciprocating the self-disclosure of a disabled interaction partner compared to a nondisabled one. Results showed that, contrary to expectations, self-disclosure was equally reciprocated with both a disabled and a nondisabled partner. However, a "sympathy" effect was found in the impression judgments on the disabled partner who had shown a high amount of self-disclosure in the previous conversation. The lack of a "sympathy" effect in the amount of self-disclosure was possibly the result of (1) the reciprocation of self-disclosure not being exclusively determined by intentional control processes; and/or (2) the evaluative significance of the amount of self-disclosure not being clear to the subjects in the interaction studied. It is concluded that the efforts of the nondisabled to show an unprejudiced attitude toward a disabled interaction partner are mostly effective in other aspects of behavior than the amount of self-disclosure.     

国外自我表露研究述评

自我表露是社会心理学、临床咨询和治疗的重要概念之一。主要介绍了自我表露的概念,静态的现象或动态的过程;描述性与评价性自我表露或正向与负向自我表露类型;自我表露的功能;社会渗透理论、压抑理论、沟通隐私管理理论等相关理论及主要测量方法。早期研究主要集中在主题、目标人、性别差异及自我表露与孤独感、亲密友谊的关系等方面,AIDS/HIV表露、儿童性侵犯表露、情绪表露和创伤表露等现实社会问题的表露成为近几年研究的焦点。扩展自我表露的概念,进一步深入研究青少年自我表露以及完善和发展自我表露的研究工具是未来的研究趋向     

Report to the World Federation for Mental Health Editor's Note

The effects of written, cognitive pretraining on self-reported self-disclosure and cohesion in group psychotherapy were studied. Subjects were members of time-limited psychotherapy groups that focused on incest-related issues. The experimental groups were given written cognitive pretraining designed to increase self-reported self-disclosure and cohesion. The control groups received general group information. Subjects in the pretrained groups reported higher levels of self-perceived self-disclosure than the control groups after sessions 4 (p = .003) and 8 (p = .003). Self-reported self-disclosure did not increase over time for pretrained or nonpretrained subjects. Cohesion did not differ across groups, but increased over time for experimental subjects (p = .008), and not for control subjects.     

社交网站中的自我表露对青少年孤独感的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

本研究采用社交网站中的自我表露量表、自尊量表、感知积极反馈量表和孤独感量表对武汉市八所普通中学1588名11~19岁的中学生进行调查,考察社交网站中的自我表露和孤独感的关系,以及感知积极反馈在二者关系间的中介作用和自尊对这一中介作用的调节。结果显示：（1）在控制了性别、年龄和社交网站使用时间后,社交网站中的自我表露显著负向预测青少年孤独感;（2）感知积极反馈在社交网站中的自我表露和孤独感之间起部分中介作用;（3）社交网站中的自我表露经由感知积极反馈影响孤独感的中介作用受到自尊的调节。具体而言,感知积极反馈的中介效应只出现在高自尊者中,在低自尊者中并不存在上述中介作用。