导言：外固定与肢体重建——符合生态医学的新学科

29岁的内蒙古青年,15年前车祸伤致小腿肌肉广泛坏死,遗留整个小腿皮包骨头,重度马蹄内翻足,用足背负重行走,去过多个大医院检查都建议膝关节下截肢,在秦泗河的矫形骨科用细钢针穿骨安装骨外固定器（Ilizarov环式外固定器）,术后通过缓慢牵伸,足内翻畸形完全矫正,可以用足底全负重弃拐行走,避免了截肢。在秦泗河矫形外科用这项技术治疗的5000多例患者中,已经挽救了30多例濒临截肢的下肢残缺畸形,使许多无望、悲观的患者重新迈上了新生活。     

马蹄足与马蹄内翻足的分类及外科治疗策略

马蹄足与马蹄内翻足畸形是下肢畸形中最常见的畸形,其成因复杂,治法众多.为规范治疗及疗效评价,因此有必要对畸形进行分类.以便更好地制定手术策略.秦泗河等国内外学者为此做了大量的工作.对马蹄足及马蹄内翻足进行分类并制定手术策略.根据其成因将畸形分为:先天性、麻痹性、创伤性及痉挛性等.分型的目的是为了更好的治疗,一个良好的手术方案的设计和实施应该达到:足部无疼痛;能用足底负重;步态及外形美观;能穿正常的鞋;足要有弹性;病人及家属满意.将各种畸形逐渐细化,制定手术策略.简要评价了Ilizarov技术在马蹄足畸形矫治方面的应用.     

马蹄足与马蹄内翻足的分类及外科治疗策略

马蹄足与马蹄内翻足畸形是下肢畸形中最常见的畸形,其成因复杂,治法众多。为规范治疗及疗效评价,因此有必要对畸形进行分类。以便更好地制定手术策略。秦泗河等国内外学者为此做了大量的工作。对马蹄足及马蹄内翻足进行分类并制定手术策略。根据其成因将畸形分为:先天性、麻痹性、创伤性及痉挛性等。分型的目的是为了更好的治疗,一个良好的手术方案的设计和实施应该达到:足部无疼痛;能用足底负重;步态及外形美观;能穿正常的鞋;足要有弹性;病人及家属满意。将各种畸形逐渐细化,制定手术策略。简要评价了Ilizarov技术在马蹄足畸形矫治方面的应用。     

中医理念在拇趾外翻临床中的运用

探讨运用中医治病求本、阴阳学说、筋束骨、小夹板纸压垫原理、辨证施治等中医理论,构筑的中西医结合微创技术治疗拇外翻畸形的诊疗体系.从拇外翻畸形的病因、病理、矫形手术、手法复位、生物固定、术后康复等几方面,阐述对拇外翻畸形的新的矫形理念.     

中医理念在拇趾外翻临床中的运用

探讨运用中医治病求本、阴阳学说、筋束骨、小夹板纸压垫原理、辨证施治等中医理论,构筑的中西医结合微创技术治疗拇外翻畸形的诊疗体系。从拇外翻畸形的病因、病理、矫形手术、手法复位、生物固定、术后康复等几方面,阐述对拇外翻畸形的新的矫形理念。     

科学研究的DNA共享与协作精神

股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位是骨科常见病,随着人们生活模式的改变发病率有所上升。对该病的成因、流行病学、病理转归、临床治疗策略与髋关节严重病损后功能重建等问题,学术界存在很大争议。作者提出从生物进化的角度、用自然重建理念做指导,应用髋关节分离牵拉术治疗股骨头坏死、骨盆补充截骨术重建青少年严重病损的髋关节功能人、组合性矫形手术治疗年长儿先天性髋关节脱位,获得了优良效果。因此呼吁:用自然重建理念治疗青少年股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位,降低人工假体置换对此类疾病的手术指证。     

论东欧的法团主义与马克思主义的走向

法团主义是一种新的市民社会理论。在东欧，法团主义强调政府、劳动（工会）、资本（雇主联盟）三方的利益协调与共谋，它将劳动与资本作为与政府进行利益博弈的一方，取消劳动与资本之间的阶级对抗。从马克思到哈贝马斯的市民社会理论从来没有抛弃阶级的差异与斗争。东欧马克思主义的市民社会理论则伴随着对阶级的重新定义，其结果便是无力建构起理想的市民社会模式，无力积极回应法团主义这一新的市民社会理论。     

自然重建理念治疗股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位

股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位是骨科常见病,随着人们生活模式的改变发病率有所上升.对该病的成因、流行病学、病理转归、临床治疗策略与髋关节严重病损后功能重建等问题,学术界存在很大争议.作者提出从生物进化的角度、用自然重建理念做指导,应用髋关节分离牵拉术治疗股骨头坏死、骨盆补充截骨术重建青少年严重病损的髋关节功能人、组合性矫形手术治疗年长儿先天性髋关节脱位,获得了优良效果.因此呼吁:用自然重建理念治疗青少年股骨头坏死、髋关节脱位,降低人工假体置换对此类疾病的手术指证.     

禅定漫谈(十二)──禅定三大法系

第四层的渲染,便是要离具足四见,才是智慧大师的真面目。何谓具足四见？（l）有有有无有亦有亦无有非有非无——具足有句四见（2）无有无无无亦有亦无无非有非无——具足无句四见（3）亦有亦无有亦有亦无无亦有亦无亦有亦无亦有亦无非有非无——具足亦句四见（4）非有非无有非有非无无非有非无亦有亦无非有非无非有非无——具足非句四见此四见又由前四见叠成,实十六见。因此,我们对于一切人法的目光,若是还用着具足四见中之一见,便不能见着这位智慧大师。第五层的渲染,便是要离六十二见,才是智慧的真面目,何谓六十二见？（l）有句…     

整形外科技术的发展对其治疗决策的影响

整形外科技术的发展对其治疗决策的影响中国医学科学院整形外科医院（北京１０００４１）牙祖蒙陈宗基整形外科学是外科学的一个分支。治疗对象主要是体表及体表器官以及肌肉、骨胳等组织,因先天性原因或后天性创伤,疾病或自然的生理变化所造成的缺损、畸形和缺陷。治疗...     

Introspective access to implicit shifts of attention

Literature in metacognition has systematically rejected the possibility of introspective access to complex cognitive processes. This situation derives from the difficulty of experimentally manipulating cognitive processes while abiding by the two contradictory constraints. First, participants must not be aware of the experimental manipulation, otherwise they run the risk of incorporating their knowledge of the experimental manipulation in some rational elaboration. Second, we need an external, third person perspective evidence that the experimental manipulation did impact some relevant cognitive processes. Here, we study introspection during visual searches, and we try to overcome the above dilemma, by presenting a barely visible, “pre-conscious” cue just before the search array. We aim at influencing the attentional guidance of the search processes, while participants would not notice that fact. Results show that introspection of the complexity of a search process is driven in part by subjective access to its attentional guidance.     

糖皮质激素治疗系统性红斑狼疮中“度”的把握

系统性红斑狼疮是一种与遗传、免疫、种族、环境等因素有关的侵犯多系统结缔组织的全身性自身免疫性疾病。该病多器官受累,症状重且复杂,病情反复缓解和发作,故本病的治疗是一个长期的过程,需要终身治疗。糖皮质激素在系统性红斑狼疮的治疗中为最关键的药物,糖皮质激素的剂量、合理运用及“度”的掌握是治疗疾病成败的关键。     

系统论方法在糖尿病性视网膜病变危险因素及治疗研究中的应用

全球糖尿病患者人数在不断的增多,大约10％的Ⅰ型糖尿病患者在10年后可出现糖尿病性视网膜病变,而大约95％的Ⅱ型糖尿病患者在20年后可出现糖尿病性视网膜病变。目前,糖尿病性视网膜病的发病机制尚不明确,影响其发生发展的因素也很复杂,因此,对糖尿病性视网膜病的发病危险因素及其诊治的研究,具有相当重要的意义。系统论,研究各种物质运动形态所共有的系统联系和关系,具有普遍的方法论意义,为现代医学的进步提供了全新的思维方式和科学方法论原则。本文试用系统论的整体性、优化原理阐述糖尿病性视网膜病变发病的危险因素与治疗进展,为对其深入研究提供方法论依据。     

关于益生菌与炎症性肠病

炎症性肠病是一类病因和发病机制尚不完全明确的肠道慢性非特异性炎症性疾病,其发病涉及多种因素的共同作用。目前的治疗包括传统治疗和新兴的生物治疗,本文主要就益生菌与炎症性肠病作一浅显的探讨。     

慢性肾脏病患者心理状态研究进展

慢性肾脏病是一种很难治愈的一种疾病,绝大多数的患者需要中西医结合治疗。患有慢性肾脏病的患者最终需要肾脏替代疗法来缓解症状,如透析治疗或选择肾脏移植。巨大花费同疾病本身使患者身心均受到很大的压力,CKD患者抑郁、焦虑情况普遍存在,影响患者生存质量、营养状态和治疗配合性及疾病的预后,因此解决其心理问题至关重要。     

Genetic engineering and autonomous agency

In this paper I argue that the genetic manipulation of sexual orientation at the embryo stage could have a detrimental effect on the subsequent person's later capacity for autonomous agency. By focussing on an example of sexist oppression I show that the norms and expectations expressed with this type of genetic manipulation can threaten the development of autonomous agency and the kind of social environment that makes its exercise likely.     

晚期乳腺癌如何选择内外科治疗

晚期乳腺癌包括局部病变较晚、无法直接手术的患者和初诊时已有远地转移M1及手术后的复发转移患者。目前,我们国家对于这些患者的处理非常混乱,往往初始治疗与首次接诊医生的专业范围大有相关。孤立病灶的晚期乳腺癌患者,全身播散背景已成定势,全身药物治疗才是最重要的治疗手段。对于已经全身转移的晚期乳腺癌患者来讲,是否加用局部病灶切除,需根据患者的全身情况而定。任何一种治疗的选择及安排都应按照药品临床试验管理规范（GCP）原则进行,以期最大限度改善生活质量及生存时间。     

A statistical approach to sensorimotor strategies: conjugate cross-correlations

A simple method, based on cross-correlation functions (CCFs) between two time series of kinematic or physiological measurements, is proposed for the analysis of multisegmental movements. Special emphasis is placed on measuring accelerations. When the movements of two body segments are coordinated but consistently time lagged, their CCF displays a peak at the corresponding time abscissa. The reproducible positions of the peaks reflect biomechanical or physiological constraints. Several significantly large peaks can be observed in a CCF. It is possible to identify coordinated movements involving more than two segments by applying simple rules of compatibility between the time lags and between the signs of the correlation peaks. With the method proposed, it is possible to determine the signs of relative variation and the time lags of the successive statistically correlated segmental movements. This is particularly useful in the case of both continuous and periodic sensorimotor control, where classical poststimulus methods cannot be applied. Unlike the classical poststimulus methods, this method does not require a time origin, and it is not necessary to monitor the muscles or even to specify exactly which ones are involved. The method is also applicable to experiments involving a time origin (e.g., and applied perturbation), although in this case it is less accurate than the averaging technique. Individual postural strategies can be identified, which suggests some interesting potential applications of the method to clinical studies.     

A self-presentational view of psychotherapy: reply to Hill, Gelso, and Mohr (2000) and to Arkin and Hermann (2000)

The self-presentational view of psychotherapy challenges current assumptions about the benefits of high levels of clients' openness in therapy (A. E. Kelly, 2000). The author responds to questions about whether clients' discretion really is linked to favorable therapy process ratings and outcomes. She also addresses problems that may emerge if readers apply a narrow definition of self-presentation as a form of deliberate manipulation, rather than the intended definition of consciously or unconsciously showing oneself to be a particular kind of person for audiences. A brief review of the evidence on the role of audience feedback in self-concept change is offered, along with suggestions for explaining self-concept change to clients. The author concludes by clarifying and reasserting her suggestion that it is acceptable for clients to reveal the themes as opposed to details of their problems that seem particularly heinous or humiliating.     

A Stimulus-Oriented Approach to Memory

ABSTRACT— Our understanding of short-term recognition memory can be enhanced by careful choice and control of test materials. Theory-driven manipulation of memory test stimuli, including visual textures, human faces, and complex sounds, minimize individual differences and make it possible to predict recognition performance for specific combinations of stimulus items. This stimulus-oriented approach to memory reveals that stimulus similarity plays two different important roles in recognition memory. By exploiting tools used in psychophysics, it is possible to generate mnemometric functions—detailed "snapshots" that capture key features of subjects' memory strength.