河岸2

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Kruskal's polynomial for 2×2×2 arrays and a generalization to 2×n×n arrays

A remarkable difference between the concept of rank for matrices and that for three-way arrays has to do with the occurrence of non-maximal rank. The set ofn×n matrices that have a rank less thann has zero volume. Kruskal pointed out that a 2×2×2 array has rank three or less, and that the subsets of those 2×2×2 arrays for which the rank is two or three both have positive volume. These subsets can be distinguished by the roots of a certain polynomial. The present paper generalizes Kruskal's results to 2×n×n arrays. Incidentally, it is shown that twon ×n matrices can be diagonalized simultaneously with positive probability.The author is obliged to Joe Kruskal and Henk Kiers for commenting on an earlier draft, and to Tom Wansbeek for raising stimulating questions.     

MEGA2研究

20世纪 60年代开始编辑 ,1975年正式出版的《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版第二版 (Marx Engels Gesamtausgabe ,以下简称MEGA2 ) ,是一项规模宏大的出版工程。全书规划为 114卷 ,到目前为止已出版 5 0余卷 ,全部出齐可能要到本世纪 2 0年代。MEGA2不仅汇集了已发现的马克思和恩格斯以原著文字写作的全部文献 ,包括他们的著作和文章 ,草稿和未完成的手稿 ,他们执笔的工人运动文件 ,他们的书信以及摘录、摘要、笔记和读书评注等等 ,是收录马克思恩格斯文献最全的版本 ,而且每卷正卷之外 ,均附以极为翔实的“学术资料卷” ,具有很高的学术价值。 2 0 0 2年 ,“《马克思恩格斯全集》历史考证版第二版 (MEGA2 )研究”被立项批准为中国社会科学院重大课题 (课题工作时间为 2 0 0 2— 2 0 0 7年 )。本刊现以笔谈的形式摘要发表课题组部分成员的前期研究成果 ,供学术界交流和讨论     

Effective choice in all the symmetric 2 × 2 games

Solution concepts for game play implicitly assume what information is relevant for choosing moves. Maximin and Eliminating Dominated Strategies use payoff order; mixed strategies and Harsanyi??s risk dominance use payoff values. ??Cooperative?? strategies use previous choices, ignoring payoffs altogether. We first define the 12 symmetric 2 × 2 games as a continuous payoff space then use this space to evaluate strategies based on different types of information. Strategic success is shown to be sensitive to actual payoffs and seldom consistent for all games of an ordinally defined category such as Chicken. A new hybrid strategy using both payoff and choice information is introduced and shown to produce efficient outcomes in all symmetric 2 × 2 games when employed by both players. It does well in evolutionary tournaments against strategies of other types, especially in the difficult distribution games including Battle-of-the-Sexes.     

Explicit candecomp/parafac solutions for a contrived 2 × 2 × 2 array of rank three

Kruskal, Harshman and Lundy have contrived a special 2 × 2 × 2 array to examine formal properties of degenerate Candecomp/Parafac solutions. It is shown that for this array the Candecomp/Parafac loss has an infimum of 1. In addition, the array will be used to challenge the tradition of fitting Indscal and related models by means of the Candecomp/Parafac process.     

Why aggression?2

On the basis of a formalised view of metapsychology, the author briefly considers the problems inherent in the Freudian notion of a death drive or aggressive drive and then goes on to develop a new theoretical conception of aggression. Aggression is understood as an affect, action or affective action and, in relation to these, as an expression of the intensity with which a drive'whether it be the sexual drive with its libidinal cathexes or the self‐preservative drive with its lethic cathexes'seeks to attain its object. In this context the author regards the regulation of closeness and distance with respect to the ‘psychogeometric locus’ of the relevant drive object as being of central importance. She contends that neurotic personalities suffer from specific distortions in the perception of the psychogeometric locus of their drive objects, which may give rise to an intensification of the drive tendencies prevailing in these individuals at any given time so that these tendencies take on an aggressive character. The author presents two clinical vignettes to show how her approach allows aggression and its occurrence to be conceptualised without resorting to the idea of a primary aggressive drive, and draws attention to the resulting technical consequences for interpretation.     

The 2×2 achievement goal framework in a physical education context

ObjectivesTo examine the 2×2 achievement goal framework (which crosses the task–ego and approach–avoidance distinctions) in a physical education context. The psychometric properties of the 2×2 Achievement Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire were tested and correlates of distinct achievement goal profiles were examined in two Asian samples.MethodTwo cross-sectional studies involving youth aged 11–18 years (total N=995) from Singapore.ResultsConfirmatory factor analyses supported the factor structure of the 2×2 achievement goal framework in the physical education context. Factorial invariance across gender and athletic status was supported through multi-group analysis. Four distinct clusters were identified, and linked to patterns of psychological characteristics and outcomes.ConclusionAchievement goal researchers in sport and exercise psychology may wish to make use of the 2×2 achievement goal framework. The intraindividual approach to achievement goal profiles is valuable, yet underutilized at present. However, important questions regarding differences in approach and avoidance motivation across cultures require further research.     

Short and extra-short forms of the Big Five Inventory–2: The BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS

The Big Five Inventory–2 (BFI-2) uses 60 items to hierarchically assess the Big Five personality domains and 15 more-specific facet traits. The present research develops two abbreviated forms of the BFI-2—the 30-item BFI-2-S and the 15-item BFI-2-XS—and then examines their measurement properties. At the level of the Big Five domains, we find that the BFI-2-S and BFI-2-XS retain much of the full measure’s reliability and validity. At the facet level, we find that the BFI-2-S may be useful for examining facet traits in reasonably large samples, whereas the BFI-2-XS should not be used to assess facets. Finally, we discuss some key tradeoffs to consider when deciding whether to administer an abbreviated form instead of the full BFI-2.     

金点子档案(2)

4·“椰菜”卷旋风年来，玩具已成为国际市场增长迅速的商品之一．年销售总额已突破300亿美元。据统计，在美国市场常年销售的玩具达15万种以上，每年约有3000种以上的新品应市。进入80年代后．玩具打破了以前只属于儿童的常规，愈来愈受到各种年龄人士的青眯。在西方各种节日中，如圣诞节、情人节、复活节、感恩节、父亲节、母亲节等，都时兴互赠玩具，以示祝贺，或娱乐身。乙。市场虽大，但要想出人头地和独得厚利，没有好的经营创意，拿不出匠心独具的金点子，显然只是梦想。椰菜娃娃的成功便是一个明证。这种以童话故事主人公命名的洋娃…     

急腹症2例误诊分析

急腹症是外科常见病和多发病,它是一种以急性腹痛为主要表现的临床急症,临床上常有误诊发生,最终造成严重后果。因而在诊疗过程中,必须对急性腹痛尽快作出定位、定性及病因诊断,以防误诊误治。现将我科收治的子宫穿孔误诊为消化道穿孔和输卵管卵巢脓肿误诊为阑尾周围脓肿的2例以急腹症表现为首发症状的患者在我科室的诊治过程及经验进行总结并进行分析,为临床能够提高急腹症的诊率断,降低误诊率提供借鉴,提高临床医生的鉴别能力,保证患者的身心健康。     

牵手之前(2)

（续上期） 五、要先“性”还是要后“幸” 有人研究说男人是为了性而爱,女人是为了爱而性,但无论男人还是女人,二十一世纪的年轻人在恋爱中都已经把婚前性行为潮流化了。过去,婚前有了性关系,在朋友面前得藏着、掖着,今天谈朋友的人若没有发生过性关系,反而觉得自己“落伍”了。在这样的风气下,婚姻的神圣性荡然无存。     

《景观设计效果图2》

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Investigations of the optical and EPR spectra for VO2+ in NaHC2O4 · H2O single crystals

Theoretical calculations of the optical absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of VO²⁺ in NaHC₂O₄?·?H₂O single crystals were performed using the complete diagonalization energy matrix method (CDM) and the perturbation theory method (PTM) for the 3d ¹ electronic configuration. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental results. The negative signs of hyperfine structure constants A _∥ and A _⊥ for VO²⁺ in NaHC₂O₄·H₂O single crystals are suggested from the calculations. Comparison of the two calculation methods indicates that the PTM is a good approximation of CDM and that both theoretical methods are valid in interpretation of the optical and EPR spectra for VO²⁺ ions in NaHC₂O₄?·?H₂O crystals.     

A test of the 2 × 2 Model of Perfectionistic Pressure in youth sport

Perfectionistic pressure from coaches and parents is likely to contribute to the development of perfectionism in youth athletes. However, if and how perfectionistic pressure from coaches and parents interact to predict the development of perfectionism is unknown. With this in mind, the present study tested a new model – the 2 × 2 Model of Perfectionistic Pressure – that focuses on the different combinations of perfectionistic pressure youth athletes can experience. Four within-person combinations of perfectionistic pressure are identified and compared: Pure coach pressure (high coach pressure/low parental pressure), pure parental pressure (low coach pressure/high parental pressure), mixed pressure (high coach pressure/high parental pressure), and low pressure (low coach pressure/low parental pressure). To test the model, a sample of 210 youth athletes (M age = 14.68 years) completed measures of perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, coach pressure to be perfect, and parental pressure to be perfect. Moderated hierarchical regression and simple slopes analyses revealed that mixed pressure was related to the highest levels of both perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns. The findings provide initial evidence for the new model and suggests it will be useful in studying the development of perfectionism and other outcomes in sport.     

2分19秒的夕阳

正下午坐长途汽车回家,由于劳累,一路上都提不起精神。约五六点时,我不经意地望了一下车窗外,眼前猛地一亮,目光刹时被一样东西紧紧吸引住了。那是一轮夕阳。从没见过这么大、这么红、这么美的夕阳,远远望去,仿佛蔚蓝色大海中刚刚露出的一枚红里带黄、晶莹剔透的珊瑚礁,又如一颗巨大的绚丽夺目的红宝石缀在淡蓝色天幕上。天的蓝草原上似盛开了一朵国色天香的大红牡丹,又像不知是谁点亮了一盏橘红的天灯,如高高悬挂起一幅举世