权力相关词语判断的大小效应及其可控性

采用Stroop干扰实验范式,证实权力相关词语判断中的大小效应,并探索采用意识性干预和试次偏差分布策略是否会使大小效应得到控制。结果显示,试次类型变量主效应显著;提示条件变量主效应显著;试次类型变量与提示条件变量的交互作用显著;试次类型变量与试次分布变量的交互作用极其显著。结果表明,权力相关词语的判断中存在大小效应,提示信息使大小效应得到控制,试次偏差分布使大小效应发生反转。     

负性词语与中性词语的定向遗忘效应

以31名大学生为被试,采用负性词语和中性词语,考察负性情绪项目对被试定向遗忘效应的影响。本研究采用项目法定向遗忘实验范式,通过被试对负性词语和中性词语的再认成绩考察负性词语的定向遗忘效应。结果显示,负性词语和中性词语在记住和遗忘提示线索条件下再认成绩差异显著。但是在遗忘提示条件下,被试对中性词的再认率要显著低于负性词。因此,被试对负性词语和中性词语均可产生显著定向遗忘效应,但负性词的定向遗忘效应要小于中性词。     

实际亲密度对恋人参照效应的影响

为考察实际亲密度对恋人参照效应的影响,采用自我参照研究中的R/K判断范式和实际亲密度与应有亲密度量表对68名（35名男性,33名女性）处于恋爱关系中的被试施测。结果发现：在R反应上,实际亲密度与参照条件交互作用显著,高实际亲密度组表现出恋人参照效应,而低实际亲密度组未表现出恋人参照效应;性别与参照条件交互作用显著,女性整体上表现出恋人参照效应,而男性整体上未表现出恋人参照效应;应有亲密度与参照条件交互作用不显著;在K反应上,所有效应均不显著。研究证明了在自我参照范式中,自我是否呈现出恋人参照效应可能受实际亲密度的影响,并存在性别差异。结果提示,在他人参照效应的研究中,需将实际亲密度和性别变量考虑进来     

记忆编码之后的情绪对中性词语记忆巩固现象的影响

在被试记忆中性词语之后加入情绪图片,人为地诱发被试的正中负三种情绪,旨在考察情绪通过影响记忆的巩固过程对记忆中性词语的影响。实验结果发现,再认时与正负情绪图片配对的词语再认率显著高于与中性情绪图片配对的词语,且正负两种条件下的再认率差异不显著;性别主效应和交互作用都不显著,即在所有被试中都发现了类似的情绪记忆优势效应。     

注意在随意编码自我参照效应中的作用

该研究采用随意编码的研究范式验证随意编码条件下自我参照效应产生的原因是否是自我积极偏差以及由自我积极偏差引起的注意。设计了2（参照条件：自我与他人）×2（形容词效价：积极与消极）的三个实验,分别是实验一效价与参照条件都是组内变量;实验二效价是组内变量,参照条件是组间变量;实验三效价是组间变量,参照条件是组内变量,三个实验结果均发现：自我参照条件下人格特质形容词的再认率显著高于他人参照条件;消极效价词的再认回忆率显著高于积极效价词;参照条件与形容词效价之间的交互作用不显著。结果说明,自我参照效应的发生不依赖于与他人参照条件的比较而产生;消极效应也不依赖于积极效价词的存在而发生;注意可能是随意编码条件下自我参照效应产生的原因。     

言语与空间任务指令对数字-空间联结编码的影响

以1～9除5外的阿拉伯数字和汉字标签“左”“右”为实验材料,采用数字奇偶判断任务,探讨任务指令对数字-空间联结编码的影响。结果发现：言语任务指令条件下,词语一致性与物理一致性的交互作用显著,且词语一致和不一致时均未发现空间-数字联合反应编码效应（SNARC）,表明言语-空间编码在数字-空间联结中更有优势;空间任务指令条件下,物理一致性主效应显著,且词语一致和不一致时均出现了SNARC效应,表明视觉空间编码更有优势。说明数字-空间联结编码受实验任务指令的影响,被试会根据任务指令设置的情景选择视觉空间编码或言语-空间编码对数字进行空间联结。     

情绪对危机决策质量的影响

为探究情绪在危机情境下对决策质量的影响,研究通过影片诱发实验情绪,运用实验室实验考察了以情绪变量为主导、包括性别和任务难度等在内的相关因素对危机决策的作用机制。结果发现：（1）随着危机决策任务难度的增加,个体用于决策的时间显著增长,且性别与情绪类型间存在显著的二次交互作用;（2）在危机情境下,男性的产生新方案率明显高于女性;（3）男性被试对危机决策过程的自信程度显著高于女性,且情绪与难度变量之间交互作用显著;（4）个体对于自身危机决策结果的满意程度,在性别、情绪和难度变量之间存在显著的三次交互效应。     

阅读方式和学习次数对中文词汇的产生效应的影响

产生效应是指朗读单词的记忆成绩要好于默读单词的。目前存在特异观和强度观两种理论解释,特异观强调朗读的相对特殊性,强度观强调朗读单词的编码强度高于默读单词的。为了检验两种理论,本研究采用“学习-再认”的实验范式,将阅读方式分别设置为被试内和被试间变量,通过两项实验考察阅读方式和学习次数对中文词汇的产生效应的影响。实验1采用被试内设计考察阅读方式和学习次数对产生效应的影响。结果发现阅读方式和学习次数的主效应显著,二者的交互作用不显著。实验2将阅读方式设置为被试间变量,采用混合设计考察阅读方式和学习次数对产生效应的影响。结果发现学习次数的主效应显著,阅读方式的主效应和二者的交互作用不显著。结果表明产生效应未随着项目编码强度的增强而增强,支持特异观。     

事件后信息影响目击证言准确性的实验研究

本研究探讨了不同案件类型、不同性别及给予不同的事件后信息对目击证言的影响,征集了男女大学生被试101名,进行了实验研究,研究结果如下:(1)以主体信息的记忆成绩为因变量,性别、案件类型和事件后信息为白变量,得出案件类型主效应显著,事件后信息的主效应显著,性别主效应以及各因素的交互作用都不显著;(2)以情境信息的记忆成绩为因变量,性别、案件类型和事件后信息为自变量,得出事件后信息主效应显著,案件类型和事件后信息之间交互作用效应显著;(3)不同性别、接受不同案件信息的被试对不同信息记忆的确信程度有所不同.     

阈上阈下不同面孔表情下的注视线索提示效应

为考察阈上、阈下不同面孔表情下的注视线索提示效应, 实验以阈上和阈下面孔的不同注视朝向为提示线索, 同时变化面孔表情, 要求被试迅速和准确地对随后出现的靶刺激(大写字母)的呈现位置做出判断。结果显示, 在阈上呈现条件下, 注视线索提示效应显著, 且该效应不受面孔表情的影响。在阈下呈现条件下, 注视线索提示效应显著, 但该效应受到了面孔表情的调节, 表现为在注视线索无效时, 判断目标位置所需反应时在正性、负性面孔表情下显著长于中性面孔条件。上述结果说明, 阈上知觉时, 面孔表情虽被清晰感知, 但个体自上而下的控制机制使其被忽略, 因而未能影响个体的注意偏向; 阈下知觉时, 面孔表情得到自动加工, 并影响了个体的注意偏向。     

个体关于加工流畅性的信念对字体大小效应的影响

本研究考察个体关于加工流畅性的信念对学习判断(Judgment of learning, 简称JOL)的影响, 探讨字体大小效应的产生机制。研究通过两个实验分别考察个体关于“字体大小影响加工流畅性” (实验1)以及“加工流畅性影响记忆效果” (实验2)等信念对字体大小效应的影响。结果发现: 1)当人们相信大字体更流畅(实验1)或者越流畅越好记(实验2)时, 他们在大字体项目上的JOL值显著高于小字体项目上的JOL值; 2)当人们相信小字体更流畅(实验1)或者流畅性与记忆无关(实验2)时, 他们在大字体和小字体项目上的JOL值无显著差异, 字体大小效应消失。上述结果表明, 个体关于加工流畅性的信念是字体大小效应产生的重要原因, 是人们进行学习判断的重要线索。     

The role of spurious feature familiarity in recognition memory

In two experiments, we investigated the role of perceptual information in spurious recognition judgments. Participants viewed lists of words in various unusual fonts. The frequency with which each font was presented was manipulated at study: Each font was presented with 1 or 12 different words in Experiment 1 and with 1 or 20 words in Experiment 2. Although the participants were instructed in a word recognition test to judge only on the basis of the word, regardless of font, there were significantly more false alarms for new words seen in a previously presented font than for new words presented in a novel (not seen at study) font in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, the participants were significantly more likely to make a false alarm to a new word seen in a font that had been used to present 20 words during study than to a font that had been used to present only 1 word during study. The data show a mirror effect, in which words tested in low-frequency fonts produced more hits and fewer false alarms than did words tested in high-frequency fonts. These results show that irrelevant perceptual information plays a role in recognition judgments by providing spurious sources of familiarity and, thus, provide evidence that perceptual information is represented and processed in the same way as semantic information.     

编码强度对字体大小效应的影响

本研究采用3个实验考察编码强度对字体大小效应的影响, 探讨由于知觉特征而引发的元认知错觉的内在产生机制(实验1)与有效的矫正措施(实验2和实验3)。结果发现:(1)大字体词语的知觉流畅性显著优于小字体, 并且贝叶斯多层中介分析结果表明, 知觉流畅性对字体大小效应起部分中介作用(实验1); (2)随着编码强度的增加, 由字体大小引起的学习判断错觉逐渐消失(实验2和实验3)。以上结果表明, 刺激的知觉特征(字体大小)对个体学习判断的影响, 随编码强度激活线索的增加而逐渐减弱。这一结果为真实教学情境中提高学习者的编码强度, 进而削弱学习判断对知觉特征线索的依赖, 并准确地监测自身的学习进程提供了科学依据。     

Block‐wise conflict adaptation of visual selectivity: Role of hemisphere‐dependent and location‐specific mechanisms

Three experiments investigated views on modulation of visual selectivity that involve hemisphere‐dependence and conflict frequency based views for a whole display. In each experiment, 16 participants completed a flanker task with compatible/incompatible stimulus arrays presented in the left, center, or right visual fields. The relative frequency of the compatible stimulus‐arrays within a trial block was varied as a function of the visual field. In Experiment 1, the relative compatibility frequency in the lateral visual fields was varied (75% / 25%) but not in the center visual field (50%). The results showed that in the lateral visual fields, the performance between the compatible and incompatible trials differed more in conditions with few (vs. many) compatibility trials. Experiments 2 and 3 validated these findings. In Experiment 2, the compatibility frequency varied in the center visual field but not in the lateral fields, resulting in performance effects in all three visual fields. Experiment 3 varied the magnitude of the differences between the compatibility and incompatibility frequencies. Together, the findings showed that participants adjusted to the frequencies of compatible stimuli in all visual fields, indicating conflict adaptation that depends on the relative frequencies of compatible stimuli. The results also suggest that this adaptation is associated with hemisphere‐dependent and location‐specific mechanisms.     

The influence of visual mental imagery size on metamemory accuracy in judgment of learning

Many studies have found the font size of to-be-remembered words has a significant influence on judgments of learning (JOLs). However, few studies have investigated whether JOLs are affected by the mental imagery size of to-be-remembered words, even when the font sizes themselves are kept identical in study materials. This study investigated whether the visual mental imagery size influences the participants’ JOLs and what the underlying mechanisms are. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants learned words with identical font sizes, mentally generated large or small imageries and then made JOLs. We found that JOLs under the large imagery condition were significantly higher than those under the small imagery condition, but actual recall performance exhibited no significant difference. In Experiment 3, participants pressed a button immediately after mental imagery generation and showed that it took significantly longer to generate large imageries than to generate small imageries, and the difference in JOLs between two conditions was no longer significant. In Experiment 4, we used a questionnaire to investigate the contribution of beliefs and found that participants believed large imageries were easier to remember. These findings indicate that imagery size has a significant impact on JOLs, in which beliefs may play a leading role.     

Evaluating arguments during instigations of defence motivation and accuracy motivation

When people evaluate the strength of an argument, their motivations are likely to influence the evaluation. However, few studies have specifically investigated the influences of motivational factors on argument evaluation. This study examined the effects of defence and accuracy motivations on argument evaluation. According to the compatibility between the advocated positions of arguments and participants' prior beliefs and the objective strength of arguments, participants evaluated four types of arguments: compatible‐strong, compatible‐weak, incompatible‐strong, and incompatible‐weak arguments. Experiment 1 revealed that participants possessing a high defence motivation rated compatible‐weak arguments as stronger and incompatible‐strong ones as weaker than participants possessing a low defence motivation. However, the strength ratings between the high and low defence groups regarding both compatible‐strong and incompatible‐weak arguments were similar. Experiment 2 revealed that when participants possessed a high accuracy motivation, they rated compatible‐weak arguments as weaker and incompatible‐strong ones as stronger than when they possessed a low accuracy motivation. However, participants' ratings on both compatible‐strong and incompatible‐weak arguments were similar when comparing high and low accuracy conditions. The results suggest that defence and accuracy motivations are two major motives influencing argument evaluation. However, they primarily influence the evaluation results for compatible‐weak and incompatible‐strong arguments, but not for compatible‐strong and incompatible‐weak arguments.     

Differential consequences of trait inferences: a direct test of the trait-referent hypothesis

The hypothesis was investigated that when trait inferences refer to abstract behaviour labels (i.e. ‘conceited’) they act as a general interpretation frame and lead to assimilation in subsequent judgments of an ambiguous target, whereas when they refer to specific actor—trait links (i.e. ‘Peter is conceited’) the activated information is likely to be used as a scale anchor and contrast effects are more likely. Compared to previous studies investigating the consequences of trait inferences, this ‘trait-referent’ hypothesis was tested in a relatively direct way. Target judgments of participants instructed that trait-implying sentences described a ‘behaviour’ showed assimilation, whereas judgments of participants instructed that these sentences described a ‘person’ showed contrast.     

Attention to primes modulates affective priming of pronunciation responses

In studies on affective priming of pronunciation responses, two words are presented on each trial and participants are asked to read the second word out loud. Whereas some studies revealed shorter reaction times when the two words had the same valence than when they had a different valence, other studies either found no effect of affective congruence or revealed a reversed effect. In the present experiments, a significant effect of affective congruence only emerged when filler trials were presented in which the prime and target were identical and participants were instructed to attend to the primes (Experiment 2). No effects were found when participants were merely instructed to attend to or ignore the primes (Experiment 1), or when affectively incongruent filler trials were presented and participants were instructed to ignore the primes (Experiment 2).     

Distance and ratio effects in the flanker task are due to different mechanisms

When participants must respond to a relevant central target and ignore irrelevant flanking stimuli the flanking stimuli produce a compatibility effect, with increased response speed and accuracy on compatible as compared to incompatible trials. This flanker effect is larger when compatible trials are more frequent than incompatible trials (the ratio effect). A potential explanation of this ratio effect is that the occurrence of frequent incompatible trials causes the focus of spatial attention to be set narrower than when there are frequent compatible trials. The present investigation tests this hypothesis by comparing the flanker effect with near and far flankers. The hypothesis predicts that the flanker distance should modulate the ratio effect more when incompatible trials are frequent than when compatible trials are frequent. The results, however, show the opposite pattern: Distance effects are larger in conditions with frequent compatible trials. Moreover, the effect of distance but not the ratio effect was eliminated when flanker distance remained fixed across blocks of trials, and also when participants had to attend to flanker stimuli in a go-no-go task. These results suggest that the ratio effect does not result from an adjustment of the focus of spatial attention.     

Spatial S-R compatibility effects in an intentional imitation task

The active intermodal mapping hypothesis suggests that intentional imitation is mediated by a highly efficient, special-purpose mechanism of actor-centered movement encoding. In the present study, using methods from stimulus-response (S-R) compatibility research, we found no evidence to support this hypothesis. In two experiments, the performance of adult participants instructed to imitate actorcentered spatial properties of head, arm, and leg movements was affected by task-irrelevant, egocentric spatial cues. In Experiment 1, participants imitated using the same side of their bodies as did the model, and performance was less accurate when egocentric stimulus location was response incompatible than when it was response compatible. This effect was reversed in Experiment 2 when participants imitated using the opposite side of their bodies. These findings, in line with general process theories of imitation, imply that intentional imitation is mediated by the same processes that mediate responding to inanimate stimuli on the basis of arbitrary S-R mappings.