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1.
Although the incidence of HIV in the United States is higher among men compared to women, the global proportion of women versus
men who are infected has been approximately 50% since the late 1990s. Women have been under-represented in neuropsychological
studies of HIV. A small number of studies have reported a significantly higher prevalence of neurocognitive impairment among
HIV+ women compared to HIV− controls regardless of symptom status and with or without an AIDS diagnosis. Impairment was most
evident on psychomotor tasks. The risk of neuropsychological impairment was increased among HIV+ women not on antiretroviral
therapy. Age and depressive symptoms also increase neurocognitive risk. New neurocognitive studies of ovarian steroid hormones,
PTSD and other psychiatric conditions are critical for addressing potential female-specific aspects of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive
Disorder. Such studies will also address questions regarding involvement of the hippocampus and verbal memory, which may be
of particular significance among HIV+ women.
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2.
The passionate response of many American Catholics to the clergy sex abuse crisis is an expression not only of legitimate
anger over the sexual abuse of children and young people by Roman Catholic priests but also of resistance to mourning the
significant losses post-immigrant American Catholics sustained in the last third of the twentieth century.
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3.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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4.
In this paper I discuss a number of problems associated with the suggestion that it is possible for God to randomly select
a possible world for actualization.
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5.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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6.
This is a critical discussion of a paper on the problem of bootstrapping by Jose Zalabardo.
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7.
This study examines African American faith based leaders’ attitudes and beliefs about providing HIV prevention education and
services to adolescents. Using a convenience sample, we identified priority adolescent health issues, attitudes about abstinence
messages, and willingness to provide and participate in HIV prevention. Leaders identified drugs, gangs, alcohol, sex, and
pregnancy as priority health issues affecting youth in their institutions. Leaders’ strongly preferred to emphasize abstinence
messages. Although leaders were willing to provide youth with health education, they were not willing to discuss specific
behaviors associated with HIV transmission. African American churches provide a venue to reach African American youth; however,
there are limitations to relying on faith-based HIV prevention services. HIV prevention education should continue to be supplemented
via parents, schools, and public health agencies.
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8.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
9.
HIV disproportionately affects people of color, suggesting a need for innovative prevention programs and collaborations as
part of prevention efforts. African Americans have close ties to the church and faith-based organizations. African American
faith communities were slow to address HIV prevention, but in recent years, they have become more involved in such activities.
This study reviews the empirical literature on faith-based HIV prevention programs among African American populations. Several
successful faith-based/public health collaborations are identified, and the limitations and strengths of faith-based prevention
programs are discussed. Recommendations are provided for developing effective faith-based/public health collaborations.
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10.
Ohne Zusammenfassung
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11.
Disruptions to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function have been associated with varying forms of psychopathology
in children. Studies suggesting children with ADHD have blunted HPA function have been complicated by the prevalence of comorbid
diagnoses and heterogeneity of ADHD. The goals of this research were to assess the relations between waking and stress–response
salivary cortisol levels and comorbid disruptive behavior (DBD) and anxiety (AnxD) disorders and problems in boys with ADHD,
and to examine whether cortisol levels varied across ADHD subtypes. One hundred seventy elementary school-age boys with ADHD
provided salivary cortisol at waking and in reaction to venipuncture. Parent reports were used to assess boys’ psychiatric
diagnoses and severity of behavioral problems. Boys’ comorbid AnxD and anxiety problems were associated with greater cortisol
reactivity, whereas boys’ comorbid DBD and oppositional problems predicted diminished adrenocortical activity. Reactive cortisol
increases were greatest in boys with ADHD and comorbid AnxD, but without DBD. ADHD subtypes were not differentially associated
with waking, pre-stress baseline, or reactive cortisol levels. However, comorbid DBD predicted decreased cortisol reactivity
in boys with inattentive and hyperactive subtypes of ADHD, but not in boys with combined subtype of ADHD. The results clarify
previous patterns of distinct and divergent dysregulations of HPA function associated with boys’ varying kinds of psychopathology.
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12.
In this paper we discuss visualizations in mathematics from a historical and didactical perspective. We consider historical
debates from the 17th and 19th centuries regarding the role of intuition and visualizations in mathematics. We also consider
the problem of what a visualization in mathematical learning can achieve. In an empirical study we investigate what mathematical
conclusions university students made on the basis of a visualization. We emphasize that a visualization in mathematics should
always be considered in its proper context.
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13.
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
14.
The current study examined whether proactive and reactive aggression were associated with the risk for initiation of substance
use from fourth to ninth grade in a sample of 126 aggressive children (66% male). In addition, the study examined whether
these functions of aggression increased risk for initiation via peer delinquency and peer rejection. Proactive aggression
was marginally significantly directly associated with risk for initiation of alcohol use and indirectly associated with risk
for initiation of marijuana and tobacco use through peer delinquency. Reactive aggression was associated with increased risk
for initiation of tobacco and marijuana use through a complex chain that included both peer rejection and peer delinquency.
However, high levels of reactive aggression that did not lead to peer rejection were negatively associated with risk for initiation
of tobacco and marijuana use. Implications for intervention are discussed.
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15.
Using the example of the Catholic Church in Papua New Guinea (PNG), I detail how, through praxis, it has brought to life a
living theology of HIV and AIDS. In this way, the Catholic Church in PNG is responding faithfully to the epidemic. As a Christian
country with a generalised HIV epidemic, where the body of an individual is reconstituted through the liturgical practices
of baptism and Eucharist, theologically, in PNG the body of Christ has AIDS. In order to examine the ways in which the Catholic
Church in PNG has responded faithfully to the Christian body with AIDS, I do so in relation to the three theological virtues
of faith, hope and love.
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16.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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17.
This paper responds to a recent criticism of Uebel's analysis of Neurath's protocol statements and proposes some independent
amendments.
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18.
HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns have been overshadowed by conflicting, competing, and contradictory views between those who
support condom use as a last resort and those who are against it for fear of promoting sexual immorality. We argue that abstinence
and faithfulness to one partner are the best available moral solutions to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Of course, deontologists
may argue that condom use might appear useful and effective in controlling HIV/AIDS; however, not everything that is useful
is always good. In principle, all schools of thought and faith seem to agree on the question of faithfulness for married couples
and abstinence for those who are not married. But they differ on condom use. On the ground, the situation is far more complex.
We simply lack a single, entirely reliable way to resolve all disagreements regarding HIV/AIDS prevention strategies.
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19.
I criticize Timothy Williamson’s characterization of thought experiments on which the central judgments are judgments of contingent
counterfactuals. The fragility of these counterfactuals makes them too easily false, and too difficult to know.
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20.
This paper presents an new epistemicist account of vagueness, one that avoids standard arbitrariness worries by exploiting
a plenitudinous metaphysic.
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