证明与印证

<论确定性>是维特根斯坦生前留下的最后手稿,被研究者推为自<纯粹理性批判>以来知识论领域最重要的贡献.本文在厘清"证明"与"印证"之概念区分的基础上,考察了<论确定性>的论证结构,把维氏的洞见理解为:信念的确定性在于普遍印证,而非完备证明.     

Greco's Agent Reliabilism

John Greco's Putting Skeptics in their Place presents an illuminating perspective on the nature of the skeptical problem and how to respond to it. Building on Ernest Sosa's Virtue Epistemology, Greco develops an account of knowledge he calls, "Agent Reliabilism". In this essay, I will take up several issues regarding the details of this account.     

群体参照效应的验证

该研究全面考虑各种参照条件,选取三个参照群体(家庭、学校、性别),在中国被试身上验证群体参照效应。结果表明:以家庭、学校、性别为参照群体在中国被试身上验证了群体参照效应的存在,而且不同群体群体参照效应的程度不同;同时与选取西方被试研究的比较中得出群体参照效应既存在跨文化的一致性,也存在跨文化的差异性。     

A Vindication of Program Verification

Fetzer famously claims that program verification is not even a theoretical possibility, and offers a certain argument for this far-reaching claim. Unfortunately for Fetzer, and like-minded thinkers, this position-argument pair, while based on a seminal insight that program verification, despite its Platonic proof-theoretic airs, is plagued by the inevitable unreliability of messy, real-world causation, is demonstrably self-refuting. As I soon show, Fetzer (and indeed anyone else who provides an argument- or proof-based attack on program verification) is like the person who claims: ‘My sole claim is that every claim expressed by an English sentence and starting with the phrase “My sole claim” is false’. Or, more accurately, such thinkers are like the person who claims that modus tollens is invalid, and supports this claim by giving an argument that itself employs this rule of inference.     

Verification of Donders' subtraction method

In an experiment on 6 young adults advance (precued) information of the correct choice response was utilized completely: (a) For precue-to-stimulus intervals (PSIs) clearly shorter than the difference between mean choice and simple reaction time (RT), median response latency (L) measured from precue onset was invariant; (b) For clearly longer PSIs, median RT was very near the value for simple RT. This precue-utilization effect would be expected if response actualization had been delayed until the response had been selected and if the requirement for discrimination and selection had no adverse effect on readiness to respond. Donders' (1868/1969) hypothesis in his initial application of the subtraction method, that choice and simple reactions are identical except for the serial insertion of discrimination and selection operations in the former, is thereby strongly supported. If this formulation is accepted, models that hold that response processing can overlap other processing stages may be considered valid only for response selection, not response actualization.     

Paternalism and the Ill-Informed Agent

Most anti-paternalists claim that informed and competent self-regarding choices are protected by autonomy, while ill-informed or impaired self-regarding choices are not. Joel Feinberg, among many others, argues that we can in this way distinguish impermissible ??hard?? paternalism from permissible ??soft?? paternalism. I argue that this view confronts two related problems in its treatment of ill-informed decision-makers. First, it faces a dilemma when applied to decision-makers who are responsible for their ignorance: it either permits too much, or else too little, intervention to satisfy its proponents. Second, the most promising rationales in favor of the view ignore the distinction between an agent??s voluntarily bringing about some state of affairs, on the one hand, and an agent??s voluntarily assuming a risk, on the other. I conclude that a decision-maker??s ignorance is irrelevant to the permissibility of intervention on her behalf. If it is permissible to intervene in a given ill-informed choice, it would be permissible to intervene in an otherwise similar but informed choice, at least provided that intervention would produce similar benefits in both cases. This shows that we should sometimes accept straightforwardly paternalistic rationales.     

建立统一的医疗责任鉴定制度

针对医疗纠纷越来越严重、越来越趋于恶化的现状,指出医疗责任鉴定制度不合理、鉴定程序不规范是重要原因之一.通过对我国现存医疗责任鉴定制度的剖析,同时借鉴国外有关司法鉴定的相关规定,提出建立统一的医疗责任鉴定制度的构想.     

建立统一的医疗责任鉴定制度

针对医疗纠纷越来越严重、越来越趋于恶化的现状,指出医疗责任鉴定制度不合理、鉴定程序不规范是重要原因之一。通过对我国现存医疗责任鉴定制度的剖析,同时借鉴国外有关司法鉴定的相关规定,提出建立统一的医疗责任鉴定制度的构想。     

Working Memory Mechanism in Proportional Quantifier Verification

The paper explores the cognitive mechanisms involved in the verification of sentences with proportional quantifiers (e.g. “More than half of the dots are blue”). The first study shows that the verification of proportional sentences is more demanding than the verification of sentences such as: “There are seven blue and eight yellow dots”. The second study reveals that both types of sentences are correlated with memory storage, however, only proportional sentences are associated with the cognitive control. This result suggests that the cognitive mechanism underlying the verification of proportional quantifiers is crucially related to the integration process, in which an individual has to compare in memory the cardinalities of two sets. In the third study we find that the numerical distance between two cardinalities that must be compared significantly influences the verification time and accuracy. The results of our studies are discussed in the broader context of processing complex sentences.     

Synesthesia Affects Verification of Simple Arithmetic Equations

To investigate the effects of color–digit synesthesia on numerical representation, we presented a synesthete, called SE, in the present study, and controls with mathematical equations for verification. In Experiment 1, SE verified addition equations made up of digits that either matched or mismatched her color–digit photisms or were in black. In Experiment 2A, the addends were presented in the different color conditions and the solution was presented in black, whereas in Experiment 2B the addends were presented in black and the solutions were presented in the different color conditions. In Experiment 3, multiplication and division equations were presented in the same color conditions as in Experiment 1. SE responded significantly faster to equations that matched her photisms than to those that did not; controls did not show this effect. These results suggest that photisms influence the processing of digits in arithmetic verification, replicating and extending previous findings.