人工智能伦理风险的镜像、透视及其规避

人工智能的迅速发展给人们生产生活带来了极大便利,同时也引起了一定的伦理风险问题,诸如技术伦理风险、社会伦理风险和人类生存伦理风险等。这些伦理风险的背后是主体规范缺失和角色失准、情境变化中矛盾展现、人类关于实践意义认知差异和原则淡化、伦理形态的嬗变与重构等因素。规避人工智能所带来的伦理风险,须坚持维护人类共同利益的最高伦理规范,在全面深化基本原则遵循的基础上,推进伦理制度建设和新型人机关系建构,不断提升人类应对科技迅猛发展带来的伦理风险的能力和水平。     

伦理责任：社会风险管理的内在着力点

随着人类实践活动的向前迈进,各种人为制造的社会风险层出不穷,加强社会风险管理势在必行。伦理责任成为社会风险管理的内在着力点,主要表现为:一方面伦理责任是社会风险管理的题中应有之义,另一方面,伦理责任成为社会风险管理的内在驱动力和内部保障屏。面对我国的诸种社会风险,增强政府、其他社会管理者及公民的伦理责任意识,在全社会形成一股良好的伦理道德风尚,充分提升社会风险的复合管理水平,成为跨越风险社会的有效路径。     

社会风险研究:时代危机的哲学反思

现时代的关键问题是风险已生成为我们的时代特征与社会主题: 从个体生活、社会发展到人类命运,无不受到风险的影响,我们已进入风险社会之中。"社会风险"与"风险社会"既有差异又有关联。只要社会发展还处于未完结的生成过程之中,"社会风险"作为具有一般性特征的客观实在,就将持存于人类社会始终,即便在未来理想形态的社会中也应据有重要地位。"风险社会"则是一个现代性范畴,是自 "切尔诺贝利核事故"之后才逐步进入公共话语的中心地带,并被贝克、吉登斯等社会学家标识为现代社会的典型特征; 它本质上是"社会风险"在现代性境遇中所凸显出来的当代形态与时代危机。"风险社会"的来临标示了现时代     

风险社会与责任伦理

随着当今世界突发事件的增多、不确定性的增强 ,风险已成为当代社会的重要特征。当代西方学者对风险的解读已不仅仅局限于科学技术领域 ,而是把视野扩展至更广阔的社会文化层面 ,把风险置于现代化发展的大背景中进行考察。本文在深入分析风险产生动因的基础上认为 ,责任伦理的确立是人类应对风险社会挑战的有效途径。     

知识、伦理与社会:现代生物科技的风险探析

知识、伦理、社会三个维度以及它们之间的相互作用构成了现代生物科技风险成因的基本图式.从知识维看,现代生物科技风险源于现代生物科技的复杂性和人类认知的有限性;从伦理维看,是由于现代生物科技凸显的问题与现存伦理价值观存在冲突和矛盾;从社会维看.是因为现有社会环境因素与现代生物科技的发展要求不匹配.     

工程活动的伦理问题

工程活动是人类一项最基本的社会实践活动,其中涉及到许多复杂的伦理问题。今天,我们已经生活在一个人工世界中。工程和科学一起,使人类具有了前所未有的力量。它们在带来巨大福祉的同时,也使我们遇到了众多的风险和挑战。工程伦理问题实际上已成为我们时代的诸多问题之一。一工程伦理:一个新兴的研究领域1.工程与伦理作为一个哲学分支,伦理学集中研究人的行为和价值的道德领域。它要回答“一个人应当怎样生活?”或“一个人应当怎样行动?”这样的问题。工程活动内在地与伦理相关,或者说,伦理诉求是工程活动的一个内在规定。工程是人类的设计…     

信任：日本核危机的哲学与伦理反思

2011年的日本核危机为我们提供了运用伦理学想象力的契机,因为它引发了一系列社会和道德问题,其中与风险相关的信任问题尤为关键。信任是一个复杂社会的简化机制。高度复杂的社会系统给个人施加了焦虑,因此需要建立道德共同体作为伦理策略。信任的社会建构同时需要政府责任、企业社会责任和公民伦理的广泛参与。     

从伦理走向道德:精神的嬗变与思维的转换

"伦理"与"道德"并非是对同质的或相似的人类社会精神生活的不同历史话语或概念表达,二者实质上标示着人类社会精神生活的不同历史阶段与不同历史形态。只有厘清人类社会精神生活从"伦理"走向"道德"这一历史过程中的精神嬗变轨迹和思维转换逻辑,才能对人类当代的社会精神生活有一个具体而真切的把握,从而也才能对人类社会精神生活的未来发展方向有一种自觉的领悟与导引。     

后物质主义价值观的伦理基础

与以物质富裕、经济繁荣、秩序安全、个体自由、政治参与为价值观念的物质主义不同,后物质主义价值观的主旨在于:在经济需求、物质安全得以保障的前提下,人们应更重视非物质性的生活目标,如自尊意识、满足感受、自我表达、个体发展、生活质量、环保观念、志愿服务,等等。这种强调自我表达、重视生活质量、倡导顾及未来的后物质主义价值观所内含的伦理基础,是由整体伦理、责任伦理、风险伦理、消极伦理共同构成的。也就是说,后物质主义是人类在新的历史境遇下自觉形成的价值观念,它基于一种前瞻性的责任意识,关注现世人类活动无可预知的巨大风险,秉持不伤害与放弃的行为美德,顾及未来人类的长远发展与整体利益。     

技术理性的伦理表征及其超越

技术理性作为一种观念和能力,通过其伦理表征引导人类的行为。技术理性主要表现为追求最大化力量和力量最大化的力量伦理、追求产出最大化和投入最小化的效率伦理、追求规则与目标一致性的计算伦理、追求永无止境增长的增长伦理,在给人类社会带来繁荣的同时也招致诸多负面影响和伦理风险。为了克服技术理性的负面影响,人类需要构建包括非力量伦理、责任伦理和发展伦理在内的新伦理。     

Risk perception and the location of a repository for spent nuclear fuel

This study investigates lay people's reactions to a repository for nuclear waste. Risk perception is seen as a complex concept, comprising both affective and cognitive components. Attitude towards nuclear power and trust in experts and authorities had a substantial impact on risk perception, while personal knowledge about nuclear waste disposal had no effect. Thus, the more positive one's attitude towards nuclear power is and the more trust one has in experts and authorities, the lower one's risk perception is. Also, reactions were expected to vary with distance between the home district and the location of a repository. These variations differed in nature for people with alternative levels of risk judgement. The distance between the home and a repository affected approval of the proposed site. Distance between home and repository also had an effect on risk feelings and somewhat less on beliefs about consequences. Estimated total risk was directly mediated by beliefs about consequences, but even more so by risk feelings. With regard to risk, one can conclude that it is important to make a distinction between an emotional and a cognitive component of risk perception.     

Professional judgement in the assessment of risk: is there a role for systemic practice?

Risk assessment is an example of professional decision‐making pared to its stark essentials. Political pressures towards accountability and the need for defensible decisions encourage a ‘tick‐box’ approach to risk assessment, but this can create unrealistic expectations of certainty. In practice, as technological approaches produce ever more complex formal tools for assessing risk, their effectiveness remains dubious while our human decision‐making apparatus is marginalized. This article examines whether we should respect our ability to apprehend complex multi‐stranded narrative realities intuitively, with the hope that such intuitions might contribute to professional decision‐making. This idea is explored with reference to a case study.     

How much risk can you stomach? Individual differences in the tolerance of perceived risk across gender and risk domain

Research within the psychological risk–return framework, namely, using the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking scale, has led to a conclusion that risk attitude—measured as an individual's sensitivity to the risk they perceive—is stable across people (e.g., gender) and domains (e.g., recreational, social, financial, & health). Risk taking differences across gender and domain have been interpreted in terms of differences in the magnitude of risk perceived (and expected benefit). Yet the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking scale items, contrived by researchers rather than decision makers themselves, may have failed to detect differences in perceived risk attitude by failing to adequately represent all combinations of risks and benefits across gender and domains. In Study 1, participants generated their own examples of activities, which we selected among in Studies 2 and 3 to construct a new scale representing various levels of perceived risk and expected benefit. Our findings reveal that women are more sensitive than men to risk they perceive (i.e., are less tolerant of risk) in the recreational, social, and financial domains but not in the health domain. Risk attitude also differed across domains, with participants tolerating more risk in some domains than in others. We conclude that gender and domain differences in risk taking stem partly from gender and domain differences in people's sensitivity to perceived risks. Our findings have theoretical implications for the psychological risk–return framework and bridge with other theoretical approaches, such as the expected utility framework. Our studies also provide a new scale for assessing differences in attitudes toward risk that overcomes shortcomings of existing scales.     

Rethinking the paradigm of enterprise: A global and evolutionary perspective

The most elementary law of nature, the principle that best explains how the world works, is that actions have consequences. The consequences of enterprise (or business) will be as profitable or detrimental as the actions behind them. The rapidly approaching new millennium forces society to assess where we are (the consequences) and how we got here (the actions). The standard of living in the western world is a direct consequence of past and present enterprise, but the actions taken to get to this plateau and their associated costs may far over‐shadow the gains. A major issue facing those who study the development and evolution of enterprise is whether past merits and mistakes can be used to develop a new paradigm that is more reflective of what is currently experienced and most likely to occur in the future.

This paper discusses some of the shortcomings in current economic thinking, how current developments in economic thinking need to become the norm and the future of socio‐ecologically behavior and patterns of growth for enterprise.     

风险认知的结构,因素及其研究方法

风险认知是心理学的热门研究领域之一。风险认知是人们对影响日常生活和工作的各种因素的心理感受和认识,是测量公众心理恐慌的指标。风险认知的研究方法包括:风险估计,风险认知的测量;风险认知结构具有复杂性。风险认知的影响因素有:个体因素,期望水平,风险沟通,风险的可控程度,风险的性质,知识结构,成就动机,事件风险度。     

Risk Management Principles for Nanotechnology

Risk management of nanotechnology is challenged by the enormous uncertainties about the risks, benefits, properties, and future direction of nanotechnology applications. Because of these uncertainties, traditional risk management principles such as acceptable risk, cost–benefit analysis, and feasibility are unworkable, as is the newest risk management principle, the precautionary principle. Yet, simply waiting for these uncertainties to be resolved before undertaking risk management efforts would not be prudent, in part because of the growing public concerns about nanotechnology driven by risk perception heuristics such as affect and availability. A more reflexive, incremental, and cooperative risk management approach is required, which not only will help manage emerging risks from nanotechnology applications, but will also create a new risk management model for managing future emerging technologies.     

Regarding a Risk‐Pooling System of compensation

In this paper, I propose and defend a distinct and novel approach to compensation for risk impositions. I call it the Risk‐Pooling System of compensation. This system suggests that when X performs an action that imposes a risk of harm to Y, then X is liable to Y, and is therefore obliged to make an ex ante compensation that is roughly equivalent to the expected cost of potential harm to a social‐ risk pool. If and when Y suffers harm as a result of the risk imposed by X, they then receive an ex post compensation roughly equivalent to the cost of actual harm suffered. This system of compensation creates a social buffer between the risk imposer – the one who has the duty to pay compensation into the pool – and the victim – the one who has the right to receive compensation from the social pool. I contend that the Risk‐Pooling System is an improvement over its alternatives due to its capacity to produce the best social utilities, particularly, in terms of reducing information costs, obtaining optimal deterrence in the society and creating incentives for people to be engaged in social activities.     

Accumulation of Risk and Promotive Factors Among Young Children in US Military Families

In the families of the new cohort of war veterans now entering the civilian population in the United States are over two million young children (Cozza, Haskins & Lerner, 2013; Institute of Medicine, 2013). Several noteworthy studies have shown that children exposed to separation from a parent due to combat‐related deployment are at elevated risk for a variety of negative consequences (Lester & Flake, 2013). Cozza et al. (2013) argue that existing studies of military children focus too much on the stresses or deficits they experience, failing to give sufficient attention to their strengths, the strengths of their families, or the supports around them. In the current study we focus on risk and promotive factors in the lives of children aged 0–10 in military families. We examine the likelihood of negative outcomes as functions of additive, cumulative, and interactive relationships between risk and promotive factors and children's outcomes. Risk factors, particularly parental depression, community poverty, and cumulative risk, were more strongly associated with children's outcomes than promotive factors. There was, however, a significant risk‐protective relationship between accumulations of risk and promotive factors, consistent with promotive conditions operating in a protective fashion under conditions of elevated risk.     

Other- versus self-focus and risky health behavior: the case of HIV/AIDS

We examined the relationships of other-focus and self-focus with risky health behaviors among HIV+ individuals. Participants who were recruited by an AIDS advocacy organization completed anonymous questionnaires that included measures of other-focus (i.e. empathic concern and perspective-taking) and self-focus (i.e. personal distress and exaggerated internal control); direct measures of concern about the consequences of HIV/AIDS for the self, close others, and society; and a measure of willingness to engage in HIV/AIDS risk behaviors. As predicted, other-focus measures were generally associated with less, and self-focus measures with greater, willingness to engage in risky behavior. However, concern about the consequences of HIV/AIDS for close others was similar to self-focus and was associated with greater willingness to engage in risky behavior. These results are consistent with the notion that prevention efforts focusing on the consequences of HIV/AIDS – and perhaps other communicable diseases – might be more effective if they highlighted the consequences of the disease for society.