运用眼动指标探测个体的内隐攻击性

以黑白线条人物画为实验材料,采用Eyelinkll型眼动仪,对14名大学生观看攻击者、被攻击者以及中性人物图片的眼动指标进行分析.研究结果发现:(1)被试观看攻击者和被攻击者的平均瞳孔大小显著大于观看中性人物时的平均瞳孔大小;(2)被试注视攻击者的时间显著高于注视中性人物和被攻击者的时间;(3)被试对攻击者的凝视次数,显著高于对中性人物和被攻击者的凝视次数.本研究的结果表明,个体对攻击性材料具有自动化的偏好.     

“攻击性行为”社会认知的实验研究

采用两种不同的方法对人类“攻击性行为”社会认知的某些特点进行探索。结果表明：①再认过程中,被试对被攻击者的辨别率（Ａ＇）明显高于攻击者,Ｂ″也具有明显特征。证明人类的外显记忆更多倾向记忆“灾难现象”。②偏好测试中,被试偏好攻击者明显多于被攻击者。证实了“攻击性行为”社会认知实验性分离的存在。也就是说学习攻击性图片在人类记忆中,产生了“攻击性行为”社会认知的启动效应。同时也证实了内隐与外显记忆之间存在任务分离的加工演变过程。③偏好测试中出现被试对陌生人（中性人物）的偏好率明显高于攻击与被攻击者的总和。我们认为这是间接启动效应,是外显记忆和内隐记忆在选择上发生冲突继而导致倾向一致的结果。     

新生代农民工身份认同对内隐群际攻击性的影响:内隐集体自尊的调节作用

为探讨社会认同理论框架下,身份认同与内隐群际攻击性的关系,并分析内隐集体自尊在身份认同对内隐群际攻击性影响的调节作用,采用内隐IAT测验和问卷调查相结合的方法对326名新生代农民工进行调查,结果发现:(1)内农外农型新生代农民工对内群体和外群体的内隐群际攻击性均高于内城外城型被试,内农外农型新生代农民工对内群体的内隐攻击性水平显著高于其对外群体和模糊群体的内隐攻击性水平,内城外城型新生代农民工的外群内隐攻击性显著高于内群内隐攻击性;(2)内隐集体自尊调节了内农外农型被试对内群体内隐攻击的影响,内隐集体自尊对内城外城型新生代农民工的群际攻击性不存在显著影响。研究结果揭示了内隐集体自尊在个体身份认同与内隐群际攻击性产生的调节作用,从而丰富了社会认同理论。     

媒体暴力对大学生攻击性的长时效应和短时效应

本研究采取前后测实验设计,以内隐联想测验和Buss的攻击性问卷为研究工具,探讨了媒体暴力对大学生攻击性的长时效应和短时效应。结果发现:(1)个体实验前接触媒体暴力的程度越强烈,内隐攻击性越强,外显攻击性也越强;(2)接触暴力视频游戏10分钟就会增强个体的内隐攻击性,接触非暴力视频游戏10分钟对个体的内隐攻击性没有影响;接触暴力和非暴力视频游戏10分钟对个体的外显攻击性没有影响;(3)外显攻击性基线水平和游戏类型的交互作用不显著;内隐攻击性基线水平和游戏类型交互作用显著。内隐攻击性基线水平较高的个体,游戏类型对其内隐攻击性的影响差异不显著;内隐攻击性基线水平较低的个体,暴力视频游戏增加了他们的内隐攻击性,非暴力视频游戏对他们的内隐攻击性没有影响。     

亲社会性视频游戏对内隐攻击性认知抑制效应的实验

利用亲社会性视频游戏和IAT测验,从内隐社会认知的角度研究亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的影响,并分析影响是否具有性别差异和攻击特质差异。结果表明:(1)亲社会性视频游戏对高中生内隐攻击性认知的抑制效应显著;(2)游戏类型和性别对内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对女生的内隐攻击性认知产生抑制效应;(3)攻击特质对高中生的内隐攻击性认知的主效应显著,并且游戏类型和攻击特质对高中生内隐攻击性认知的交互作用显著,亲社会性视频游戏更容易对低攻击特质学生产生抑制效应。由此可见,亲社会性视频游戏能够有效抑制高中生的内隐攻击性认知水平。     

阈下攻击启动对内隐攻击性的影响

本研究采用自行编制计算机化的阈下启动程序,对56名大学生的内隐攻击性进行了实验研究。结果发现,阈下攻击启动组和阈下中性启动组在“敌意”和“不友善”这两个人格纬度判断上产生了显著差异,而其它人格纬度判断上则没有显著差异。本研究支持了阈下攻击启动能够引发个体的内隐攻击性的假设。     

外显和内隐攻击性表现方式的性别差异实验研究

本研究同时运用问卷法和内隐联想测验(IAT)来研究我国大学生的攻击性。结果发现:1.整体外显攻击性不存在性别差异,但在身体攻击因素上男性显著高于女性。2.内隐攻击性在表现方式上存在性别差异,男性与身体攻击联系更紧密;女性与言语攻击联系更紧密。3.外显攻击性和内隐攻击性间的关系不能简单地根据相关系数来判断。     

个体攻击性结构与自尊关系研究

本研究采用内隐联结测验,对个体攻击性结构和自尊关系进行了探讨。研究发现:(1)个体在外显攻击性、内隐攻击性在自尊上没有差异;(2)在高外显攻击性个体中,其自尊随着内隐攻击性增高而降低,在低外显攻击性个体中,自尊和内隐攻击性关系不紧密。     

积极情景线索对内隐攻击性的影响

通过向被试呈现代表积极情景线索的材料(一段含有互助、和谐信息的公益短片),运用内隐联想测验(IAT)范式,从内隐社会认知的角度来研究积极情境线索对个体内隐攻击性的影响,并分析这种影响是否具有性别差异。结果表明:未观看积极情景线索材料的被试表现出显著的内隐攻击性,而观看积极情景线索材料的被试的内隐攻击性不显著;积极情景线索的主效应显著,且这一效应不存在性别差异。这说明,积极情景线索能有效抑制个体的内隐攻击性,并支持自我攻击信念IAT是测量个体内隐攻击性的有效工具。     

网络游戏成瘾者的内隐攻击性研究

本研究通过IAT对网络游戏成瘾者的内隐攻击性进行了研究。研究表明:(1)与非网络游戏成瘾者相比,网络游戏成瘾者持有自我攻击性信念和对攻击性的更为积极的内隐态度;(2)网络游戏成瘾者与非网络游戏成瘾者在外显攻击性上没有表现出显著差异。     

Together – apart: in touch in a time of separation

This paper explores the experience of working as a Jungian analyst through the various phases of the global COVID-19 pandemic, examining the importance of the physical containing space alongside the analyst’s internal mind and how technology can both help and hinder understanding. A number of clinical vignettes illustrate the challenge of communicating over a distance, paying particular attention to the way countertransference phenomena can become re-attuned. Reference is made to mythology and symbols of hope, and consideration given to the meaning and purpose of the pandemic.     

The Possibility of Meaning in Human Evolution

Science undermines the certitude of non-naturalistic answers to the question of whether human life has meaning. I explore whether evolution can provide a naturalistic basis for existential meaning. Using the work of philosopher Daniel Dennett and scientist Ursula Goodenough, I argue that evolution is the locus of the possibility of meaning because it has produced intentionality, the matrix of consciousness. I conclude that the question of the meaning of human life is an existentialist one: existential meaning is a product of the individual and collective tasks human beings undertake.     

Phenotypic plasticity and archetype: a response to common objections to the biological theory of archetype and instinct

Since Jung’s death in 1961, scholars have attempted to integrate growing biological science data into Jungian concepts such as the collective unconscious, instincts and the archetypes. This enterprise has been challenging due to persistent false dichotomies of gene and environment occasionally arising. Recent works by Roesler (2022a, 2022b) for example, have raised objections to the biological theory of archetypes, but the objections are plagued by such dichotomies. The concept of phenotypic plasticity, however, helps to both avoid this problem as well as bridge the gap between competing theories into a more integrated model with solid biological foundations.     

When is it time to stop? When good enough becomes bad enough

This article draws on Winnicott’s concept of the good enough mother to discuss how to know whether a therapeutic situation is good enough to continue or bad enough to end. This dilemma is explored in terms of clinical syndromes, such as anorexia and pathological gambling, but focuses mainly on analyst-initiated endings, which are termed the ‘Casablanca dilemma’, based on an amplification of the ending of the film Casablanca. The author goes on to discuss such one-sided endings, drawing on interviews with 40 analysts and therapists about their clinical experience. A typology of bad enough endings is presented. The psychological differences between a good enough analysis as opposed to a bad enough one are explored through the ideas of Winnicott and Neumann.     

Kann Es Ein Argument Für Den Skeptizismus Geben? Das Epistemische Problem Der Irrtumsmöglichkeit

Summary  Is there any argument for scepticism? The epistemic problem of the possibility of error. Arguments for scepticism rest on the assumption that knowledge claims are fallible. For this reason the concept of knowledge appears to be questionable. Since it is necessary to distinguish doubts from possible doubts, the arguments for scepticism appear to be unconvincing. If we take it into account that we know something that is immune to doubt, we should draw the conclusion that, contrary to scepticism, knowledge claims have to be compatible with being fallible. Thus any knowledge claim is capable of being doubted.     

The transcendent function in Spitteler’s Prometheus and Epimetheus

In August 2020, John Beebe and Steve Myers met via Zoom to discuss their differing interpretations of psychological typology and the different sources within Jung’s writings that influenced their books: Integrity in Depth: Energies and Patterns in Psychological Type (Beebe), and Myers-Briggs Typology vs Jungian Individuation (Myers). The discussion centred on Spitteler’s epic poem Prometheus und Epimetheus, which forms the basis of chapter V of Psychological Types. This is both the largest chapter and one of two chapters that Jung highlighted in the Argentine foreword as containing the essence of the book. Jung’s book is primarily about the transformation of personality rather than the categorization of people. Although it contains a critical psychology that deconstructs the nature of consciousness, that is only one half of the book and a stepping-stone to the other half, which is the reconciliation of opposites with particular emphasis on the relation of consciousness and the unconscious. Jung assumed that readers were already familiar with Prometheus und Epimetheus, an understanding of which sheds light on the nature of the transformation that Jung described – the development of a new attitude towards attitude itself.     

Chapter 6: Biblical Foundations for a Practical Theology of Aging

SUMMARY

This article reviews Biblical sources pertaining to the elderly, particularly the frail elderly. Founded on these sources, implications for elderly with Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia are addressed through a personal perspective informed by writings of Christian mystics.     

Seeing in the Dark: A View into Dissociation and Healing

In this paper, I will explore the role of art-making, the experience of trauma and dissociation, and the process of working with self-states from an analytic and creative frame. Relevant literature on dissociation, trauma, and the use of art will be discussed. A case involving my work with an adolescent girl who had experienced sexual abuse from a family member will be shared, with an emphasis on the meaningful role images played during the therapeutic process. Both Jungian and psychoanalytic models of conceptualizing and working with dissociation are included, following Donald Kalsched’s (2013) recommendation for a “binocular stance” to treatment, including both a focus on the inner, intrapsychic world and the interpersonal, relational realm, and how art images both illuminated and expressed these realms. Within the therapeutic process, art images allowed the therapist a view into the client’s unconscious process, and created a meeting ground for dissociative barriers to be gradually seen, felt and known, by both therapist and client. The experience of dissociation, in images and in session, provided a reference point for myself and my client, Taylor, to develop a shared understanding and a framework for growth.