中学生学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性与学业成就关系的研究

本研究随机选取初一、初二、高一、高二年级共442人为被试,采用协方差结构模型考察了中学生学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性与学业成就之间的关系。研究结果表明：(1)学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性与学业成就之间都存在显著的正相关;(2)学习策略运用、学习效能感直接影响学生的学业成就,学习坚持性则通过影响学生学习策略的运用间接影响学业成就,学习效能感与学习坚持性二者相互影响;(3)学习策略运用、学习效能感、学习坚持性对学业成就的影响效应依次为,学习效能感最大,学习策略运用其次,学习坚持性再次。     

初中学生学业自我效能与学业成就关系研究

通过对初中学生学业自我效能、动机定向、成就目标、归因信念、自我监控学习等与学业成就之间的关系研究,结果表明:(1)初中学生的学业自我效能、内在动机定向、掌握目标、内部归因、自我监控学习与学业成绩有显着的正相关,而外在动机,外部归因与学业成绩有显着的负相关,同时回归分析揭示,学业自我效能是学生学业成绩的主要预期因素.(2)学业自我效能与动机定向、成就目标、归因信念、自我监控学习等因素之间相互影响、相互制约,共同构成影响学生学业成就的内在因素,学业自我效能对其它各种影响学业成绩的因素起到一种调节作用.     

学习动机、归因、自我效能感与学生自我监控学习行为的关系研究

本研究以266名中小学生为被试,研究了学习动机、归因、自我效能感与自我监控学习行为的关系。结果表明:(1)自我监控学习行为与表面型学习动机有非常显着的负相关,与深层型学习动机有非常显着的正相关,与成就型学习动机无显着相关;(2)自我监控学习行为与成功归因的内控分数成正比,但与失败归因的关系不大;(3)自我监控学习行为与自我效能感有显着正相关关系;(4)学习动机、归因、自我效能感是影响自我监控学习行为的几个重要的内部因素。     

中学生学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间因果关系的研究

该研究采用测验法对中学生学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间的因果关系进行了探讨,并建立起因果关系模型。研究结果表明：学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感与成就状况之间是相互联系和相互影响的,学习动机、成就归因、学习效能感直接或间接影响个体的成就状况。     

小学生学习坚持性和学习投入在效能感、内在价值与学业成就关系中的中介作用*

采用学习坚持性问卷、自我效能感问卷、内在价值问卷和学习投入量表,对407名四、五年级小学生施测,并收集学生期中考试成绩作为客观指标,建立结构方程模型以考察学习坚持性和学习投入在自我效能感、内在价值与学业成就关系中的中介作用。结果发现:(1)学习坚持性与自我效能感、内在价值、学习投入、学业成就均显著正相关;(2)学习坚持性可以部分中介自我效能感与学习投入、内在价值与学习投入之间的相关;(3)学习坚持性通过学习投入的中介作用影响学业成就。     

动机因素、学习策略、智力水平对学生学业成就的影响

以１１９名高中学生为被试,测量研究了动机因素、学习策略、智力水平对学生学业成就的影响。结果表明,自我效能、内在动机、掌握目标、学习策略、智商分数与学业成就呈显著的正相关,外在动机、业绩目标与学业成就呈显著的负相关。智商分数、学习策略、动机因素与学业成就存在着因果关系,智商分数（β＝０.４７６）、学习策略（β=０．２２０）、自我效能（β＝０.２０７）、掌握目标（β＝０．１８５）对学业成就有显著的回归效应,并直接影响学业成就。而内在动机（β＝０．１８４）通过直接影响学习策略而间接影响学业成就。     

影响学生学业求助的因素及其有效策略探析

越来越多的学者认为,学业求助是一种重要的自我调控学习策略,对学生的学习具有重要的意义。本文总结了与学业求助有关的影响因素,包括成就目标、自我效能、班级环境和任务难度,并在此基础上探讨了激发学生有效求助的学习策略。     

影响学生学业求助的因素及其有效策略探析

越来越多的学者认为,学业求助是一种重要的自我调控学习策略,对学生的学习具有重要的意义。本文总结了与学业求助有关的影响因素,包括成就目标、自我效能、班级环境和任务难度,并在此基础上探讨了激发学生有效求助的学习策略。     

高中生感知教师支持与学习投入的关系:学业自我效能感和成就目标定向的链式中介作用

采用感知教师支持、学习投入、学业自我效能感和成就目标定向问卷对498名高中生进行问卷调查,探讨感知教师支持对学习投入的影响,以及学业自我效能感和成就目标定向的链式中介效应。结果显示：（1）感知教师支持能通过学业自我效能感间接预测高中生学习投入,感知教师支持可以通过掌握趋近、表现趋近、表现回避间接预测高中生学习投入;（2）学业自我效能感→掌握趋近、学业自我效能感→表现趋近、学业自我效能感→表现回避三者分别在感知教师支持与学习投入之间起链式中介作用,学业自我效能感→掌握回避的中介效应则不显著。上述结果表明,感知教师支持不仅能分别通过学业自我效能感、掌握趋近、表现趋近、表现回避预测高中生学习投入,还能通过学业自我效能感和成就目标定向的链式中介作用间接预测高中生学习投入。     

高中生感知教师支持与学习投入的关系:学业自我效能感和成就目标定向的链式中介作用

采用感知教师支持、学习投入、学业自我效能感和成就目标定向问卷对498名高中生进行问卷调查,探讨感知教师支持对学习投入的影响,以及学业自我效能感和成就目标定向的链式中介效应。结果显示：（1）感知教师支持能通过学业自我效能感间接预测高中生学习投入,感知教师支持可以通过掌握趋近、表现趋近、表现回避间接预测高中生学习投入;（2）学业自我效能感→掌握趋近、学业自我效能感→表现趋近、学业自我效能感→表现回避三者分别在感知教师支持与学习投入之间起链式中介作用,学业自我效能感→掌握回避的中介效应则不显著。上述结果表明,感知教师支持不仅能分别通过学业自我效能感、掌握趋近、表现趋近、表现回避预测高中生学习投入,还能通过学业自我效能感和成就目标定向的链式中介作用间接预测高中生学习投入。     

儿童英语句法学习中内隐学习和外显学习的关系

本文以内隐学习理论为基础,采用强分离程序,分别选取有、无英语学习经验的被试,从句法学习方面探讨了儿童英语学习过程中内隐学习和外显学习的作用及关系,结果表明:(1)单纯的内隐学习方式或单纯的外显学习方式都不利于对句法规则的掌握;(2)两种学习方式的协同效应发挥着重要的作用,先外显学习后内隐学习的学习方式有助于句法规则的掌握;(3)内隐学习、先内隐学习后外显学习的学习方式不适用于较简单句法规则的学习;内隐学习也不适用于难度较高的句法规则的学习。     

指尖上的学习：触屏学习的作用

触屏学习是通过触屏软硬件设备呈现学习内容,并以手势触屏交互方式获取知识或技能的过程。目前触屏学习基础性研究处于探索阶段,在有效性上,研究发现触屏学习本身可能是有效的,但在相对优势上结果具有较大异质性;在学习后效上,触屏学习有助于提高学习动机,但没有稳定地促进知识保持、知识理解以及二维到三维的学习迁移。针对触屏学习的促进或阻碍作用,以往研究分别从具身认知或认知负荷等理论视角给予解释。学习者、学习材料、学习环境等可能是影响触屏学习效果的重要因素。广泛地将触屏设备应用于学习或课堂场景为时尚早,呼吁未来研究从理论建构、影响因素、特点分析及行为/神经机制角度考察触屏学习的作用。     

Learning beyond the known

In this paper issues related to adult learning, such as self-directed and experiential learning are shown to hold a trace of the unknown, which has implications for psychotherapy training and practice. The unknown is traced through the problematic of individualistic approaches that restrict the emergence of unknowns by limiting possibility of the other, hindering recognition of our own cultural position and seeking to avoid anxiety. Learning is also shown to have links with experiences of change and loss, having in common the generation of anxiety, seen as both the driving force to know and the need to close down unknowing. Subsequently, learning is viewed as involving the potential to repeat the already known as well as opening up the possibility for something new. Psychoanalysis and continental philosophy are shown, in different ways, to help our understanding of the reasons for the anxiety occurring in times of transition, also showing the way fragmentary experiences act as a reminder of death. It is proposed that the relational aspects of learning are an important factor in learning to tolerate the anxiety and adult learning is thus seen as requiring possibility of the other, in relationship, in order to permit the unknown.     

Implicit Learning and Concept Learning

In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects were exposed to letter strings that followed a pattern—the second letter was always the same. This exposure was disguised as a test of immediate memory. Following this training, subjects could discriminate new letter strings following the pattern from letter strings not following the pattern more often than would be expected by chance, which is the traditional evidence for concept learning. Discrimination was also better than would be predicted from subjects' explicit report of the pattern, demonstrating the co-occurrence of concept learning and implicit learning. In Experiment 3, rules were learned explicitly. Discrimination was worse than would be predicted from subjects' explicit report, validating the implicit learning paradigm. In Experiment 4, deviations from a prototypical pattern were presented during training. In the test of discrimination, prototypes were as familiar as old deviations and more familiar than new deviations, even when considering only implicit knowledge. Experiment 5 found implicit knowledge of a familiar concept. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the distinguishing features of a concept can be learned implicitly, and that one type of implicit learning is concept learning.     

Habitual Learning as Being-in-the-World: On Merleau-Ponty and the Experience of Learning

In Phenomenology of Perception,both intellectualism and empiricism were blamed for not grasping consciousness in the act of learning.This was,Merleau-Ponty thought,due to an objective volatilizing of the subjective role of the lived body in perception.In order to overcome the difficulties in the tradition of learning and the philosophy of consciousness,Merleau-Ponty's next important step was to take maximal grip as a central case of learning.To him,learning as being-in-the-world,basically has to be sketched out in embodied and socially contextualized situations.Drawing upon this asymmetrical identity from Merleau-Ponty,our argument in this paper is that leaming is best understood as a phenomenon that involves the leamer's engagement with the world and her intention to make sense of its structures.A new perspective is thus employed to present learning as an embodied and socially embedded phenomenon,which is always projected by habitual experience and involves transcendence.These characteristics of learning are brought together in an integral and comprehensive way and have relevance to studies of learning in institutions and in daily experience.     

Aristotelic Learning Through the Arts

The field of Philosophy and Education seems to be experiencing a renewed interest in the work of Aristotle. As recently reviewed by Curren (Oxf Rev Educ 36(5):543–559, 2010), most of this attention aligns with the virtue ethics movement where themes like moral development in education, and the inquiry on human flourishing as the aim of education are prevalent. For sources, this scholarship relies heavily and extensively on the Nicomachean Ethics and Politics’ Book VIII where Aristotle develops his single, clearly defined account of education. Among the short list of scholars who include Poetics in their research, their work seems to return to issues of morality and education (Carr in J Aesthet Educ 44(3):1–15, 2010; Gupta in J Aesthet Educ 44(4):60–80, 2010). This paper is an attempt to rediscover Aristotle’s insights on the peculiar type of learning that the arts seem to favor. In order to carry on this investigation, I will first guide my argument towards Aristotle’s remarks on poiesis. Then, I will focus on what constitutes the heart of poiesis, that is, mimesis. I will pay special attention to Aristotle’s consideration of both poiesis and mimesis as ultimately dealing with what he calls “possibility.” I will argue that learning in the arts entails the coming together of these three qualities. This would be a way of learning characterized by seeing human likenesses emerge as such in our interactions with artworks.     

Learning the pedalo locomotion task

The authors examined the learning function of a multiple biomechanical degrees of freedom coordination task. Four adult participants practiced the pedalo locomotion task for 350 trials over 7 days. On the basis of the Cauchy theorem, the authors applied a movement pattern difference score that provides a measure of convergence to a fixed point as the criterion for quantifying learning. The findings showed a significant reduction of the movement pattern difference score over practice. Neither an exponential (0.11) nor a power law (0.10) function accommodated a large percentage of the variance of the pattern difference measure on individual learning functions, but the respective fits were higher, although not different, for movement time (.57, .55). Principal components analysis showed a decrease of components over practice; the analysis also showed that 3-5 components were required to accommodate 90% of the variance of the whole-body motion at the end of the final practice session. Those findings on the learning functions for movement and outcome scores are discussed in relation to the redundancy of the biomechanical system in moving to a dynamical stable fixed point in this task.