现代姑息医学内涵在实践中的演化

积极开展姑息医学服务已成肿瘤临床工作者的共同实践,并使其在实践中得到发展.姑息医学在肿瘤整体治疗中的作用和地位已逐渐受到同行的认同.提高了肿瘤工作者对姑息医学实践的参与热情.使业内有识之士从全新的角度对姑息医学的内涵进行审视.本文拟结合姑息医学的发展历程及不同分期肿瘤患者姑息治疗的内容介绍现代姑息医学内涵的演化过程.     

姑息医学在大肠癌治疗中的地位和应用策略

大肠癌的治疗应采用一种无缝的连接方式将姑息治疗与抗肿瘤治疗整合在一起。姑息医学的采用应贯穿肿瘤治疗的始终,以期更好地提高生命质量,尊重生命价值,体现医学本质和人文关怀。     

姑息治疗及其在肿瘤学中的地位

本文对姑息治疗的历史及概念作了详细的介绍,解释了其不同阶段的内涵,作为医学学科之一,姑息治疗的内容主要包括了疾病伴随或治疗所致症状的诊断评估、预防和治疗,心理和非癌性躯体疾病的预防和治疗,姑息治疗的科研、教学和教育以及终末期病人的治疗和护理等,特别纠正了对“安乐死”的看法。在肿瘤学中,经过40多年,它已从治疗中的辅助角色迅速成为肿瘤综合治疗中的主角,且贯穿于始终。它倡导多学科协作,与抗癌治疗完整结合,对无法治愈的晚期癌症患者以缓解症状、改善生活质量为主要目标,在全球范围内,很大一部分晚期肿瘤病人已从姑息治疗中明显获益。它的有力实施,也是我们创建和谐社会的重要反映。     

姑息医学在大肠癌治疗中的地位和应用策略

大肠癌的治疗应采用一种无缝的连接方式将姑息治疗与抗肿瘤治疗整合在一起.姑息医学的采用应贯穿肿瘤治疗的始终,以期更好地提高生命质量,尊重生命价值,体现医学本质和人文关怀.     

生命哲学视角下姑息治疗的追问与反思

姑息治疗是疾病谱变动下医学观念和治疗目的的重要转变,它的出现标志着单纯追求延迟生命长度的医疗时代的结束,生命质量也同样得到重视。然而,姑息治疗的理念在我国出现以来备受争议。首先阐明了姑息治疗的概念和内涵,并从生命的双重性和死亡的尊严角度对其概念和内涵进行审视和阐明。在此基础上,从生命哲学中的生命神圣论和生命质量论的观点进一步剖析姑息治疗医患关系矛盾的产生根源,以期为解决姑息治疗下医患双方的矛盾提供参考。     

解读《恶性肿瘤骨转移及骨相关疾病临床诊疗专家共识》

肿瘤专业工作者不仅要关注患者的抗癌治疗,同时也要关注他们的康复与姑息治疗,骨转移是肿瘤患者的常见转移病灶。《恶性肿瘤骨转移及骨相关疾病临床诊疗专家共识》（2007年版）适时地对恶性肿瘤骨转移及骨相关疾病提出了指导性意见,体现了肿瘤的综合治疗原则,其特点为：（1）多学科合作的结晶;（2）以高级别循证医学证据为基础;（3）突出了实践性和可操作性。和一切“诊断规范”一样,《共识》一方面对指导肿瘤科及其他相关科室医师们的临床实践发挥积极作用,同时又需要在实践中继续得到检验。     

分子医学对现代肿瘤学的应用价值

1 分子分期的诞生及意义 肿瘤的分子生物学研究成果已经影响到临床诊断认识程序并已经使我们的综合治疗原则发生了改变,经典的肿瘤临床分期已不能确切反映肿瘤的生物学行为,分子医学的发展诞生分子分期概念.肿瘤学分子分期即运用分子生物学知识对肿瘤大小、功能、分期从分子水平重新认识,相对于经典的临床分期更彻底、更明确反映病情及预后,从而指导医务工作者对肿瘤患者从分子水平展开预防、治疗,使肿瘤的治疗更贴近肿瘤的生物学发展原理[1].分子分期给目前的肿瘤临床分期带来新的思维模式,使肿瘤的治疗更具方向性及原则性.     

姑息止痛治疗在悉尼

对中国北京与澳大利亚悉尼市姑息止痛治疗进行比较,发现并借鉴悉尼市的先进经验,改进国内姑息止痛治疗,减轻患者痛苦.用半年时间考察悉尼市各级医院的姑息治疗情况,重点是止痛治疗.内容包括姑息医学的医疗服务体系、姑息团队、药物止痛治疗、社区服务、家庭访问等,与北京的姑息止痛治疗现状进行比较,发现主要特点.悉尼市已形成健全的姑息医学服务系统,有专业的姑息止痛治疗团队长期从事止痛治疗.改善生活质量贯穿患者止痛治疗的始终,已形成个体化的止痛治疗模式.对生活质量的关注应贯穿姑息治疗的始终,止痛治疗需要个体化.     

姑息止痛治疗在悉尼

对中国北京与澳大利亚悉尼市姑息止痛治疗进行比较,发现并借鉴悉尼市的先进经验,改进国内姑息止痛治疗,减轻患者痛苦。用半年时间考察悉尼市各级医院的姑息治疗情况,重点是止痛治疗。内容包括姑息医学的医疗服务体系、姑息团队、药物止痛治疗、社区服务、家庭访问等,与北京的姑息止痛治疗现状进行比较,发现主要特点。悉尼市已形成健全的姑息医学服务系统,有专业的姑息止痛治疗团队长期从事止痛治疗。改善生活质量贯穿患者止痛治疗的始终,已形成个体化的止痛治疗模式。对生活质量的关注应贯穿姑息治疗的始终,止痛治疗需要个体化。     

导言：肿瘤姑息治疗：认识日渐清晰

刚刚过去的20世纪第一个10年,是姑息治疗在我国从后台走上前台,从配角演化为主角的10年。值得欣慰的是,在肿瘤学领域,人们对肿瘤,特别是晚期肿瘤姑息治疗的认识已日趋清晰,使其从少被问津的“冷门”成为颇受关注的“热门”。     

癌症姑息治疗的临床意义和社会伦理思考

姑息医学作为医学学科之一,内容包括癌痛控制,处理缓解其他症状。癌症姑息治疗缓解了紧张的医患关系,有效的防止有限医疗资源的浪费及分配不公,同时姑息治疗给人们留下诸多社会伦理思考,如告知、癌痛控制等问题。如何将姑息治疗扩展到其他非恶性疾病面临着巨大挑战。     

台湾地区姑息医学制度的建立及法律实践

姑息治疗在提高晚期癌症患者生活质量、实施临终关怀、给予病人及其家属全面周到的照顾诸方面起着重要作用。在台湾,已为姑息治疗立法并实施了10年,积累了丰富的经验。这项法律本身及其细则、附件等配套文件使姑息治疗更加规范可行。研究规范的姑息治疗及台湾的相关法律可以帮助我们更好的理解姑息治疗的理念,帮助发展大陆同道构建有效实用的...     

肿瘤姑息治疗的全程介入

恶性肿瘤严重威胁人类健康,肿瘤本身以及针对肿瘤的治疗不仅会对患者的生理和心理产生重要影响,同时也会对照顾患者的家人产生各种心理影响。现有医疗条件下短时间内难以提高治愈率,就应更加注重将姑息治疗贯穿于肿瘤治疗的始终,不仅要及早介入,甚至延伸至居丧期。在肿瘤治疗过程中不断对肿瘤患者进行评估和适时调整姑息治疗策略,可有效地提高患者生活质量同时降低医疗成本,最终患者能够在不同阶段和各种治疗手段中获得最大受益。     

鼻咽癌的姑息治疗

鼻咽癌诊断的复杂性及诊断水平的限制,很多的患者确诊时已是中晚期。姑息治疗作为一种新的医疗模式,能减轻鼻咽癌患者的痛苦,提高生存质量。姑息治疗的发展将提高癌症治疗效果,为患者带来希望。     

High-Risk Palliative Care Patients’ Knowledge and Attitudes about Hereditary Cancer Testing and DNA Banking

Even at the end of life, testing cancer patients for inherited susceptibility may provide life-saving information to their relatives. Prior research suggests palliative care inpatients have suboptimal understanding of genetic importance, and testing may be underutilized in this clinical setting. These conclusions are based on limited research. This study aimed to estimate genetic testing prevalence among high-risk palliative care patients in a National Cancer Institute-designated comprehensive cancer center. We also aimed to understand these patients’ understanding of, and attitudes toward, hereditary cancer testing and DNA banking. Palliative care in-patients with cancer completed structured interviews, and their medical records were reviewed. Among patients at high risk for hereditary cancer, we assessed history of genetic testing/DNA banking; and related knowledge and attitudes. Among 24 high-risk patients, 14 (58.3%) said they/their relatives had genetic testing or they had been referred for a genetics consultation. Of the remaining 10 patients, seven (70%) said they would “probably” or “definitely” get tested. Patients who had not had testing were least concerned about the impact of future testing on their family relationships; two (20%) said they were “extremely concerned” about privacy related to genetic testing. Of patients without prior testing, five (50%) said they had heard or read “a fair amount” about genetic testing. No high-risk patients had banked DNA. Overall, 23 (95.8%) said they had heard or read “almost nothing” or “relatively little” about DNA banking. Written materials and clinician discussion were most preferred ways to learn about genetic testing and DNA banking. Overall, this study demonstrates underutilization of genetics services at the end of life continues to be problematic, despite high patient interest.     

Exploring Hereditary Cancer Among Dying Cancer Patients—A Cross-Sectional Study of Hereditary Risk and Perceived Awareness of DNA Testing and Banking

Hereditary cancer assessment at the end of life is a relatively unexplored area, but it could be critical for surviving family members. This study explored the prevalence of hereditary cancer among dying cancer patients and assessed patients’ perceived awareness of DNA testing and/or banking in a public access hospital. Palliative care patients with cancer from a single institution (or their medical-decision-making surrogates for patients unable to answer for themselves) completed structured interviews. Information was collected through medical records review and structured interviews for 43 dying cancer patients. Information for 9 patients was collected from surrogates. Nine patients (21%, 95% CI?=?8.8% to 33.1%) had strong genetic risk. Currently available genetic tests could have addressed this risk for several patients. None had previous genetic counseling, testing or DNA banking. Among strong-risk patients, about half of patients/surrogates had heard/read “almost nothing” about genetic testing (44%) and DNA banking (67%). Perceived genetic awareness was not associated with genetic risk, and neither were sociodemographic characteristics. The proportion of hereditary cancer may be at least as high in the palliative care population as in other clinical settings, but awareness and uptake among patients are low. These conditions are not being recognized upstream and families are losing valuable information.     

Desire for euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide in palliative cancer care.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the attitudes of terminally ill individuals toward the legalization of euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and to identify those who would personally desire such a death. DESIGN: In the Canadian National Palliative Care Survey, semistructured interviews were administered to 379 patients who were receiving palliative care for cancer. Patients who expressed a desire for physician-hastened death were followed prospectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Attitudes toward the legalization of euthanasia or PAS were determined, as was the personal interest in receiving a hastened death. Demographic and clinical characteristics were also recorded, including a 22-item structured interview of symptoms and concerns. RESULTS: There were 238 participants (62.8%) who believed that euthanasia and/or PAS should be legalized, and 151 (39.8%) who would consider making a future request for a physician-hastened death. However, only 22 (5.8%) reported that, if legally permissible, they would initiate such a request right away, in their current situations. This desire for hastened death was associated with lower religiosity (p=.010), reduced functional status (p=.024), a diagnosis of major depression (p<.001), and greater distress on 12 of 22 individual symptoms and concerns (p<.025). In follow-up interviews with 17 participants, 2 (11.8%) showed instability in their expressed desire. CONCLUSION: Among patients receiving palliative care for cancer, the desire to receive euthanasia or PAS is associated with religious beliefs; functional status; and physical, social, and psychological symptoms and concerns. Although this desire is sometimes transitory, once firmly established, it can be enduring.     

为医学"会诊”-当代医学的主要缺憾

现代医学发展迅速,方兴未艾,由于技术主义抬头,认识局限与医学发展水平的制约。出现某些缺憾性倾向。主要有：破足的医学、分裂的医学。被动的医学、治标的医学、人性淡漠的医学、不公正的医学等。在对上述进行分析与评论的基础上,对医疗服务变革真挚进行了预测与展望。     

志愿者在晚期肿瘤适度治疗中的重要作用

对于晚期肿瘤患者,舒缓治疗和宁养服务是WHO推荐的适度治疗,更是一种“积极治疗”,特别体现在提供社会、心理、灵性关怀及支持系统,帮助患者尽可能以积极的态度活着,直到死亡。本文探讨了志愿者在晚期肿瘤适度治疗中的重要角色,发挥作用的机制,并提出对我国舒缓治疗和宁养志愿服务发展的思考与建议。