胃肠调节类中西药对胃肠道平滑肌的双向调节作用

在不同条件下,单味、复方中药对胃肠道平滑肌可产生双向调节作用.其可能机理为多层次网络系统的平衡调节等.从整体、离体器官、分子水平,单一、配对西药也对胃肠道平滑肌产生双向调节作用.这种双向调节作用充分体现网络系统平衡调节的整体性的哲学内涵,遵循对立统一规律辩证哲学观.     

试论中药与方剂双向调节作用的条件

试论中药与方剂双向调节作用的条件陕西中医学院研究生（咸阳７１２０８３）张宏方一、从一药、方剂自身的特性看其存在双向调节之物质基础中药及方剂之所以产生双向调节作用,与其所含有两种（组）或多种（组）功效,作用相反的化学成分是分不开的。这是中药及方剂产生双...     

针刺双向调节机制与机体的自组织原理

针刺双向调节作用规律是针灸疗法的四大作用规律之一,也是最主要的针刺作用规律,对其内在机制的探索是现代针灸学研究的一个重要问题。人体是一个自组织系统,一般情况下,面临内外环境的扰动时,机体的自我调节机制会进行主动调节,把机能重新调回到正常状态。当机体的自调节机制无法完成这一任务时就成为疾病或亚健康状态。针刺疗法的双向良性调节作用就是利用穴位刺激,通过触发与强化自我调节机制来恢复、保持自身目标值的稳定性。机体自组织系统的自稳定原理是针灸双向良性调节作用的内在机制。     

学前期儿童执行功能和语言的双向关系:社会经济地位的调节

采用追踪研究考察258名学前儿童执行功能与语言的双向关系,及二者关系是否受社会经济地位调节。交叉滞后结果表明,学前儿童语言发展与执行功能三个子成分（抑制控制、认知灵活性、工作记忆）存在双向关系;T1时儿童语言对T2时认知灵活性的预测作用受家庭社会经济地位调节：在高社会经济地位家庭中,T1时间儿童的语言能显著正向预测T2时认知灵活性,低社会经济地位家庭中预测作用不显著;其余双向关系中调节作用均不显著。本研究表明,学前儿童执行功能三个子成分与语言均存在双向关系,且社会经济地位在部分关系中起到调节作用。     

语义通达对语言标识效应产生的必要作用

大量研究表明语言标识对情绪体验具有调节作用，但并未深入分析这种调节效应产生的内在机制。本研究自下而上操纵标识词的形、音、义信息，探察不同效价情绪的标识效应产生对词汇形、音、义信息的依赖性。结果发现，与仅具有音、形信息的假词相比，真词作为标识词时可以显著降低被试对负性图片的消极体验。表明词汇语义信息的通达是标识效应产生的必要条件，仅具有词汇音和形的信息不足以产生标识效应。     

情绪对内隐态度和外显态度联结的调节作用

不同的情绪在内隐态度与外显态度表现过程中塑造着不同的心理环境, 调节内隐态度和外显态度的一致性。正性情绪增加了内隐态度与外显态度的联结, 然而负性情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用表现并不一致。单一考虑情绪的正负效价不足以解释具体情绪影响的差异性, 情绪的确定性、情绪与直觉信任的交互作用均会对内隐态度与外显态度的联结产生影响。理论方面, 联结性-推理性评价模型及情绪-信息模型对情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的内在机制进行了解释。未来研究可进一步探索特定情绪对内隐态度与外显态度联结的调节作用, 并考察情绪是否会对内隐刻板印象与外显刻板印象的联结产生调节作用, 以及采用认知神经科学技术揭示情绪调节内隐态度与外显态度联结的神经机制。     

冥想使人变得平和——人们对正、负性情绪图片的情绪反应可因冥想训练而降低

虽然前人已有不少研究发现冥想具有减少个体焦虑、缓解抑郁水平等功能,并且也已经揭示了冥想促进情绪调节能力的认知神经科学机理,但对于冥想会怎样调制人们对于外部施加的正、负性情绪刺激(图片)的情绪反应尚不清楚,冥想究竟会使人们对外部施加的情绪刺激的敏感性增强还是减弱?如果冥想能够调节和缓解人们的情绪反应的话,那么,这种调节作用是“双向的”(即对正性或负性情绪刺激能产生具有不同效价方向的调节作用)还是“单向的”(即对正性或负性情绪刺激产生具有相同效价方向的调节作用)?为了检验和回答上述问题,本研究以无冥想(或相关)经验的大学生为被试,通过随机实验组、控制组前后测的实验设计,考察了冥想训练能否影响被试对于正、负性情绪图片的情绪唤起.62名大学生被试被随机分配到实验组和控制组(每组31人),实验组参与连续5天、每天20 min的冥想练习,控制组在此期间的控制任务为通常的闭眼休息.结果显示:冥想组在练习过程中的脑α波指数显著升高;与控制组相比,冥想组被试对消极图片的效价评定值显著改善,这表明冥想降低了被试对负性情绪图片的情绪反应,研究还发现了冥想降低被试对正性情绪图片的积极评价倾向,从而证明对外部施加的正、负性情绪刺激而言,冥想训练的调制作用是使人们的情绪反应趋于平和.     

应激对记忆影响的脑科学研究及其教育启示

大量脑科学的研究揭示,应激对与海马相关的陈述性记忆的调节主要通过应激激素,尤其是糖皮质激素的分泌而发生作用,而影响的方向取决于一些调节变量,包括糖皮质激素升高的水平以及记忆的不同阶段等。研究发现基底外侧杏仁核是糖皮质激素对记忆不同阶段产生差异性影响的关键部位。因此,在教育过程中,既要科学地认识应激对记忆的消极影响,又要有效利用应激对记忆产生的调节作用,来提高学生的学习效率。     

青少年自尊与攻击的关系：中介变量和调节变量的作用

以705名初、高中生为被试,采用量表法和同伴提名法收集数据,探讨了自尊与攻击的关系以及对二者关系可能有影响的中介变量和调节变量的作用。结果表明：（1）自尊与攻击的相关系数为-0.21,这说明低自尊与高攻击有关;（2）回归方程纳入自控后,自尊对攻击的预测在统计意义上不明显,表明自尊通过自控对攻击产生影响,自控在自尊与攻击的关系中起着中介的作用;（3）社会地位对自尊与攻击之间的关系具有调节作用,它调节着两者关系的强度;（4）社会影响对自控的中介作用具有调节作用     

家庭功能对青少年疏离感的预测:同伴接纳的调节作用及性别差异

对608名初一至高二城市青少年进行问卷调查,考察同伴接纳在家庭功能对疏离感预测中的调节作用及其性别差异。结果表明,家庭功能健康水平较低的青少年,其疏离感较高;同伴接纳对家庭功能与疏离感之间的关系起调节作用;同伴接纳对家庭功能与青少年疏离感之间关系的调节存在显著的性别差异,高水平的同伴接纳可以调节不健康的家庭功能对男青少年疏离感的影响,而在女青少年中,这种调节作用不显著。     

血管平滑肌细胞在动脉粥样硬化发生中的哲学思维

随着对血管平滑肌细胞增殖在动脉粥样硬化中研究的不断深入,逐步意识到细胞凋亡的存在及其相互之间的矛盾关系,对动脉粥样硬化的认识亦由从形态结构和生化组成等描述病变,发展为在细胞乃至分子基因水平上的深入研究,发现血管平滑肌细胞的增殖和凋亡在动脉粥样硬化形成过程中起重要作用。从哲学角度探讨血管平滑肌细胞在动脉粥样硬化发生中的作用,有助于科学的发现疾病的本质。     

从系统论分析慢性炎症向肿瘤的恶性转化

慢性炎症相关肿瘤疾病,其机制涉及到的不再是个别的基因产物或蛋白分子,也不再是单一的信号通路或代谢途径,而是众多的基因、蛋白质和代谢小分子等各种生物分子构成的复杂的调控网络。这一网络中的相互联系、动态以及突变特性,要求运用系统论的方法来分析。这种分析将拓展临床医生的研究思路,推动对炎症向肿瘤转化本质的认识。     

Why Talk about Chinese Metaphysics?

Chinese philosophy in the twentieth century has often been related to some sort of cultural or other particularism or some sort of philosophical universalism. By and large, these still seem to be the terms along which academic debates are carried out. The tension is particularly manifest in notions such as “Chinese philosophy,” “Daoist cosmology,” “Neo-Confucian idealism,” or “Chinese metaphysics.” For some, “Chinese metaphysics” may be a blatant contradictio in adiecto, while others may find it a most ordinary topic to be discussed at the beginning of the twenty-first century. In this article, I set out to examine two major discourses in which talk about “metaphysics” is frequent and popular and to which talk of “Chinese metaphysics” may wish to contribute: the history of philosophy and analytic philosophy. My contention is that it is usually far from obvious what reasons are behind putting “Chinese metaphysics” on the academic agenda and to what precise purpose this is done. What my discussion seeks to highlight is the as yet often largely unarticulated dimension of the politics of comparative philosophy—of which talk about “Chinese metaphysics” may but need not be an example.     

应激影响创造力的神经生理机制

人类的很多创造性活动都在一定程度的应激状态下完成,探讨应激与创造力之间的关系成为当前的一个研究焦点。本文从神经内分泌的新视角,梳理了多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素与创造力之间的关系,以及二者在应激影响创造性认知加工过程中的内在神经调节机制,力图揭示应激如何通过神经递质调节大脑神经反应进而对创造力产生影响。未来研究应该综合运用多模态手段,继续探索HPA轴在应激影响创造力中的中介作用机制,并从神经内分泌系统动态平衡机制的视角构建神经科学分子水平-脑网络-行为的综合框架。     

Effects of varying load conditions on the organization of postural adjustments during voluntary arm flexion

One purpose of the experiments reported here was to further clarify the effect of varying loads on postural adjustments. Another was to reevaluate whether or not the timing of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the postural muscle is preprogrammed. To accomplish these goals, we compared the effect of the presence or absence of prior knowledge of a load on the timing of EMG activity in the postural muscle (biceps femoris [BF]) with that in the focal muscle (anterior deltoid [AD]). Although the sequence of EMG activation was similar under conditions with and without a load, the timing of postural EMG activities (BFi, ipsilateral BF; BFc, contralateral BF) in associated postural adjustments was dependent on the force of arm movement, and the latencies of postural EMG activities (BFi-BFc) were dependent on the speed of arm movement. This indicates that EMG changes in the upper (focal muscle) and lower limbs (postural muscle) were triggered by different motor programs. Moreover, similar EMG activities were observed in postural muscles when the subject had advance knowledge of the presence or the absence of a load. Thus, this suggests that BFi may be centrally preprogrammed (anticipatory regulation) and BFc may be feedback regulated. Furthermore, environmental information may be a critical source of influence on those postural responses.     

Effects of Varying Load Conditions on the Organization of Postural Adjustments during Voluntary Arm Flexion

One purpose of the experiments reported here was to further clarify the effect of varying loads on postural adjustments. Another was to reevaluate whether or not the timing of electromyographic (EMG) activity in the postural muscle is preprogrammed. To accomplish these goals, we compared the effect of the presence or absence of prior knowledge of a load on the timing of EMG activity in the postural muscle (biceps femoris [BF]) with that in the focal muscle (anterior deltoid [AD]). Although the sequence of EMG activation was similar under conditions with and without a load, the timing of postural EMG activities (BFi, ipsilateral BF; BFc, contralateral BF) in associated postural adjustments was dependent on the force of arm movement, and the latencies of postural EMG activities (BFi—BFc) were dependent on the speed of arm movement. This indicates that EMG changes in the upper (focal muscle) and lower limbs (postural muscle) were triggered by different motor programs. Moreover, similar EMG activities were observed in postural muscles when the subject had advance knowledge of the presence or the absence of a load. Thus, this suggests that BFi may be centrally preprogrammed (anticipatory regulation) and BFc may be feedback regulated. Furthermore, environmental information may be a critical source of influence on those postural responses.     

处在夹缝中的哲学

针对当今科技文化与人文文化的矛盾,哲学能够在理解并弥合这种矛盾的过程中起不可替代的作用。在当前,马克思主义哲学是什么和能够做什么的问题是必须提出来弄清楚的。当前马克思主义哲学的研究水平有待提高：不要再追究国外争论已久的问题,史的研究也不能再停留在按原著顺序叙述的水平上;应该立足现实确立当代性的问题,并具备世界性的眼光。在苏东巨变后,马克思主义者在研究中不能回避原则性问题、为迎合对手而追求所谓非意识形态化。另外,防止离现实和民众愈来愈远的贵族化倾向和追求短平快的市场化倾向,注意术语的公央性和可理解性．也是须注意的问题。     

Abduction by Philosophers: Reorienting Philosophical Methodology

A reorientation is needed in methodological debate about the role of intuitions in philosophy. Methodological debate has lost sight of the reason why it makes sense to focus on questions about intuitions when thinking about the methods or epistemology of philosophy. The problem is an approach to methodology that focuses almost exclusively on questions about some evidential role that intuitions may or may not play in philosophers’ arguments. A new approach is needed. Approaching methodological questions about the role of intuitions in philosophy with an abductive model of philosophical inquiry in mind will help ensure the debate doesn't lose sight of what motivates the debate.     

血管平滑肌细胞——祸首还是福星

长期以来血管平滑肌细胞（ＶＳＭＣ）增殖被认为是动脉粥样硬化（ＡＳ）发生的绝对必要条件和介入性治疗后血管再狭窄（ＲＳ）的主要原因。许多搞ＲＳ的策略始终盯住抑制ＶＳＭＣ这一环节。然而这些方法在临床试验中很少邮到或基本没有益处。近来的临床和实验研究提示抑制ＶＳＭＣ可以导和脆弱的ＡＳ斑块不稳定而发生裂缝,破裂、血栓形成,引起心肌 死等急性冠状动脉症候群,因为ＶＳＭＣ合成释放的胶原等可以增加斑块的生物力学强     

An fMRI study of temporal sequencing of motor regulation guided by an auditory cue—a comparison with visual guidance

The neuronal system to process and transfer auditory information to the higher motor areas was investigated using fMRI. Two different types of internal modulation of auditory pacing (1 Hz) were combined to design a 2×2 condition experiment, and the activation was compared with that under a visual guidance. The bilateral anterior portion of the BA22 (ant-BA22) and the left BA41/42 were more extensively activated by the combined modulation condition under the auditory cue than that under the visual cue. Among the four auditory conditions with or without the two types of internal modulation, the activation in the ant-BA22 was augmented only on the left side by the combined modulation condition. The left ant-BA22 may be especially involved in integrating the external auditory cue with internal modulation, while the activation on the right side did not depend on the complexity. The role of the left BA41/42 in motor regulation may be more specific to the processing of an auditory cue than that on the right side. These two areas in the left temporal lobe may be organized as a subsystem to handle the timing of complex movements under auditory cues, while the higher motor areas in the frontal lobe support both sensory modalities for the cue. This architecture may be considered as ‘audio-motor control’, which is similar to the visuo-motor control of the front-parietal network.