LEARNING WITHIN A LEARNER CONTROL TRAINING ENVIRONMENT: THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF GOAL ORIENTATION AND METACOGNITIVE INSTRUCTION ON LEARNING OUTCOMES

This study proposes that effective engagement in metacognitive activities is critical to success in high learner-control training environments. A model was developed that focuses on the interactive effects of goal orientation and a metacognitive training intervention on metacognitive activity and learning outcomes. Seventy-nine participants completed a Web-based training course on how to create Web pages. Consistent with expectations, learners reporting greater levels of metacognitive activity during training gained more declarative knowledge, performed better on a skill-based measure, and had higher levels of self-efficacy. Metacognitive activity was also found to partially mediate the relationship between goal orientation and learning outcomes. Finally, the expected goal orientation by intervention interaction was found. The metacognitive intervention was beneficial in enhancing metacognitive activity for trainees with low performance-avoidance orientations, but resulted in lower metacognitive activity among highly avoidant learners. Implications of these findings for research on self-regulation and training practice are discussed.     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA1

Instrumental learning of preschool children in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Australia (AUST) was compared using two tasks (imitative and nonimitative) and two rewards (social and nonsocial). There were no differences between the two groups in the rate of acquisition measure of trials to criterion. PNG children made more late responses during acquisition and, for nil responses, there were group x task and group x reward x task effects. In the extinction phase, there were two main effects for trials to criterion: PNG children were more resistant to extinction than AUST children, and there was greater persistence in responding after social reward regardless of nationality. Reward x group, reward x task, and reward x group x task interactions also were observed in the extinction trials to criterion. In addition, there were three main task effects during extinction for other responses: on the imitative task, more wrong responses were made, and on the nonimitative task, more extra responses and more paired responses were made. A subsidiary analysis compared the two culturally different but educationally similar groups comprising the PNG sample: no major differences were isolated in acquisition or extinction.     

学习心理学的一个新学派

本文简要介绍了美国当代著名认知教育心理学家奥苏贝尔(David P.Ausubel 1918～)的认知学习理论的基本观点以及它同其他学派学习理论的关系和分歧。这些派别包括新行为主义学习论,格式塔理论,巴特利的记忆理论和信息加工理论。奥苏贝尔关于学科知识学习和保持的“同化理论”反映了学习心理学与教学理论协同研究的发展趋势。     

TREATMENT OF PSYCHOTIC CHILDREN IN A CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT: I. LEARNING IN A LARGE GROUP1

The purpose of this study was to investigate systematically the feasibility of modifying the behavior of autistic children in a classroom environment. In the first experiment, eight autistic children were taught certain basic classroom behaviors (including attending to the teacher upon command, imitation, and an elementary speaking and recognition vocabulary) that were assumed to be necessary for subsequent learning to take place in the classroom. Based on research documenting the effectiveness of one-to-one (teacher-child ratio) procedures for modifying such behaviors, these behaviors were taught in one-to-one sessions. It was, however, found that behaviors taught in a one-to-one setting were not performed consistently in a classroom-sized group, or even in a group as small as two children with one teacher. Further, the children evidenced no acquisition of new behaviors in a classroom environment over a four-week period. Therefore, Experiment II introduced a treatment procedure based upon “fading in” the classroom stimulus situation from the one-to-one stimulus situation. Such treatment was highly effective in producing both a transfer in stimulus control and the acquisition of new behaviors in a kindergarten/first-grade classroom environment.     

利用小鸡建立学习和记忆模型的方法介绍

Gibbs和Ng利用一日龄小鸡作为学习和记忆的模型进行了一系列的实验研究,提出了记忆形成有短时记忆、中间记忆和长时记忆三个阶段的新假设。近年来,Patterson等人的工作不但证实了而且扩展了Gibbs和Ng的某些重要的发现。然而,Roberts则不同意Ng等关于记忆形成的三个阶段的论述。现在,双方正继续进行着有益的讨论。最近,我们对正常状态下一日龄小鸡的记忆形成进行了实验研究。结果表明,我们和Gibbs等人的结果大致上是相同的。 利用小鸡作为学习和记忆模型很有价值,并有许多优点。这个方法值得重视。     

声旁部分信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用

采用类似课堂教学的学习－测验任务,通过3个实验探讨了声旁提供的部分读音信息在儿童学习和记忆汉字中的作用。被试来自北京市两所小学260名四年级学生。实验中要求学生学习和记忆3种生字：（1）声旁提供汉字读音的全部信息,如规则一致字;（2）声旁提供汉字读音的部分信息,如声调不同字或声母不同字;（3）声旁不提供汉字读音的信息,如声旁不知字。要求学生学习所有的字一遍后回忆生字的读音,共学习3遍。实验发现,儿童学习和记忆汉字的正确率随声旁提供的整字读音信息不同而不同：当声旁提供全部信息时正确率最高,当声旁提供部分信息时其次,当声旁没有提供信息时最低;而且声旁提供的部分信息越多,正确率越高。结果表明,儿童对声旁提供的部分读音信息敏感,发展声旁意识对学习和记忆汉字有积极作用     

REASONS AND MOTIVATION—NOT A WRONG DISTINCTION

This paper responds to Susan Hurley's attempt to undermine the adequacy of the distinction at the heart of the internalism-externalism debate about reasons for action. The paper shows that Hurley's argument fails and then, more positively, indicates a neat way to characterize the distinction.     

初一新生学习适应过程研究

为探讨初一新生学习适应规律和特点,采用“初中生学习适应问卷”,追踪调查了450名初一新生。结果表明: (1)初一新生的学习适应性总体发展呈“V”型趋势,即入学后第一个月没有明显的不适应感,入学后两个月左右出现明显的不适应感,四个半月后又有所好转; (2)新生学习适应性在性别、生源地区、学校类型上存在显著差异。建议学校和教师在新生入学后的第二、三个月加强学习适应指导。     

WHAT'S IN A LABEL? JUDGMENTS OF FEMINIST MEN AND FEMINIST WOMEN

Although significant progress has been made on research concerning stereotypes of feminist women, very little is known about the stereotypes of feminist men. College students rated one of four terms—"feminist man,""feminist woman,""man," or "woman." Compared to "feminist woman,""feminist man" was evaluated more positively, but as less potent (i.e., lower in stereotypically masculine characteristics) and less heterosexual. Although feminist man had the highest evaluative ratings of the four terms and was rated similarly in confidence to woman and man, compared to the other terms it was rated low in attractiveness and potency. These results suggest that at least on some dimensions a feminist man's masculinity may be questioned, which in turn may be a hindrance to men in adopting the feminist label.     

渐减提示法呈现样例对学习迁移的作用

本研究探讨了从样例学习到问题解决过渡的样例设计方式。实验结果表明：渐减提示法是动态的联结样例和问题解决的有效形式,符合认知技能获得的四阶段模型和建构主义学习观的基本要求;渐减提示法可以促进学习者对样例问题进行高质量的自我解释和产生心理预期,是实现从样例学习到问题解决过渡的有效方法。     

气质与学业成就的相关及其机制的研究

该研究考察了３１６３名中小学生的气质与学业成就、人格特征的关系。结果说明：１．学业成就与情绪性、内外向性气质特征相关显著,多血质、多血,粘液质和多血－胆汁质是有利于学习的气质类型。２．气质与人格存在着相互依赖性,不同气质类型学生群体具有与其气质相应的典型人格特征。３．要重视学生的气质差异对其人格和学业成就的影响。     

8─11个月婴儿迂回行为发展特点与学习能力的研究

采用程序标准化的婴儿迂回行为测验,探讨了２４４名８－１１个月婴儿的迂回行为发展特点及学习能力。结果表明：（１）８－１１个月婴儿的迂回行为水平表现出随婴儿月龄的增长而提高的趋势。（２）８－１１个月的婴儿具有从反复尝试中学会迂回行为的可能性,其中９、１０个月的婴儿的学习可能性较大,而８个月婴儿的学习可能性较小。（３）８－１１个月婴儿的学习速度随月龄增大而提高。