细胞因子在糖尿病肾病中的研究进展

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病常见的并发症,其发病机制尚未完全明了。细胞因子可影响糖代谢障碍和血液循环。本文就细胞因子与糖尿病肾病发病关系密切的肿瘤坏死因子-α、肝细胞生长因子、转化生长因子-β、血管内皮生长因子、结缔组织生长因子、白细胞介素、内皮素和一氧化氮等因子的研究进展作一综述。     

细胞因子在糖尿病肾病中的研究进展

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病常见的并发症,其发病机制尚未完全明了.细胞因子可影响糖代谢障碍和血液循环.本文就细胞因子与糖尿病肾病发病关系密切的肿瘤坏死因子-α、肝细胞生长因子、转化生长因子-β、血管内皮生长因子、结缔组织生长因子、白细胞介素、内皮素和一氧化氮等因子的研究进展作一综述.     

脑内腺苷介导白介素-1β引起的大鼠的行为性抑郁

目的：研究腺苷在白细胞介素-1诱导的大鼠行为性抑郁中的作用。方法：应用Porsolt游泳试验观察大鼠脑室注射白介素-1β引起的行为性抑郁,通过注射非特异性腺苷受体拮抗剂咖啡因和特异性A1和A2腺苷受体拮抗剂,确定脑内腺苷在白细胞介素-1β引起的大鼠行为性抑郁中的作用以及介导这种作用的受体。结果：脑内注射白细胞介素-1β(8-32ng／kg,icv)可导致大鼠在Porsolt游泳试验中漂浮时间明显地延长,非特异性腺苷受体拮抗剂咖啡因(7mg／kg,ip)和特异性A2a腺苷受体拮抗剂(1mg／kg,ip)预处理能够缩短漂浮时间的延长。结论：脑内注射白细胞介素-1β可引起大鼠的行为性抑郁,脑内腺苷通过A2a受体介导白细胞介素-1β的这种作用。     

胆囊收缩素对脂多糖诱发的病态行为及外周细胞因子的影响

细胞因子在病态行为的产生中有重要的作用。八肽胆囊收缩素在前人研究中表明能够拮抗脂多糖在大鼠体内引起的细胞因子的分泌。实验目的：利用八肽胆囊收缩素的抗炎作用研究细胞因子在病态行为中的作用。实验方法：共分两个实验进行, 将大鼠分为控制组、免疫激活剂脂多糖组(200 μg/kg剂量, 腹腔注射)以及注射不同剂量的八肽胆囊收缩素的实验组(分别为20 μg/kg 、40 μg/kg 、80 μg/kg 和120 μg/kg剂量), 各实验组在注射脂多糖前半小时注射相应剂量的八肽胆囊收缩素, 药物注射两小时后进行行为实验 (糖水摄取量测验、旷场测验和高架十字迷宫测验), 然后对大鼠前炎性细胞因子包括白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)及抗炎性细胞因子白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的血清浓度进行分析。实验结果：脂多糖诱发大鼠产生病态行为, 与控制组相比, 脂多糖组糖水摄取量降低, 旷场测验中活动性降低, 高架闭臂进入次数减少; 脂多糖诱导炎性细胞因子分泌增加, 与控制组相比, 脂多糖组前炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的分泌增加。在脂多糖注射前注射八肽胆囊收缩素能够抑制前炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的分泌, 但八肽胆囊收缩素未能改善免疫诱导的病态行为。结论：本实验结果表明仅改变外周的细胞因子浓度并不能完全改变动物的病态行为, 病态行为的产生可能与脑区的细胞因子有更大的联系。     

科学发现中的创造性思维──从白细胞介素11受体基因克隆想到的

科学发现中的创造性思维──从白细胞介素１１受体基因克隆想到的第四军医大学免疫学教研室（西安７１００３２）孙凯导师金伯泉白细胞介素１１（Ｉｎｌｅｒｌｅｕｋｉｎ－１１、ＩＬ－１１）是美国印地安那大学的美籍华人杨育中教授在１９９０年基因克隆成功的,白细胞介...     

孕12周～14周血小板计数及平均血小板体积对子痫前期的预测作用

探讨孕12周～14周血小板计数(PLT)及平均血小板体积(MPV)对子痫前期的预测作用.选取50例子痫前期患者为病例组,234正常孕妇为对照组,采用非参数检验方法(K-S检验)进行病例对照研究,比较童组研究对象孕12周～14周PLT及MPV的差异,寻找孕早期对子痫前期可以起到预测作用的血清学标志物.病例组和对照组的PLT及MPV均无显著性意义(P＞0.05).孕12周～14周PLT及MPV对子痫前期无预测作用.     

碘酊和生物蛋白胶治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并气胸效果对比

探讨碘酊和生物蛋白胶在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)合并气胸手术治疗中的临床治疗效果。将85例患者随机分为蛋白胶组(B组)38例,碘酊组(Ⅰ组)31例,对照组(C组)16例。B组患者在术中给予生物蛋白胶封堵肺表面及断面漏气处;Ⅰ组给予碘酊涂擦脏壁层胸膜;C组仅行手术治疗,比较三组治疗效果。Ⅰ组术后第一天胸腔引流液较B组、C组多,漏气时间及带管时间B组和Ⅰ组明显短于C组;术后患者炎性因子白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的浓度Ⅰ组明显高于B组及C组,差异有统计学意义。在慢阻肺合并气胸手术治疗中,应用生物蛋白胶封堵能明显减少术后患者的漏气时间和带管时间,且机体炎性反应明显低于用碘酊涂擦脏层和壁层胸膜者,临床治疗效果肯定。     

胎盘提前老化分娩时间与方式决策的浅思

胎盘提前老化(Premature aging of placenta)是指妊娠足月前胎盘提前出现退行性的结构改变,是妊娠结局不良的一个敏感预测指标。因此分娩时间及方式是胎盘提前老化临床处理的关键问题。临床上需要对其病因、产科合并症、健康效益、医疗代价、产前监测等进行辩证综合分析,进行正确判断,科学决策,从而减少不良后果发生。     

复发转移性乳腺癌患者血浆VEGF水平的临床价值研究

探讨血浆血管内皮生长因子（P-VEGF）在乳腺癌术后复发转移患者中的表达情况及临床意义。采用酶联免疫吸附试验检测50例术后复发转移性乳腺癌患者及20例乳腺良性疾病对照组的P-VEGF含量,同期采用微粒子化学发光法检测术后复发转移性乳腺癌患者血清CEA和CA15-3的表达情况,进行对比研究。结论认为转移肿瘤细胞可产生大量...     

琥珀酰明胶容量治疗对脑死亡后血清TNF—α、IL－1β、IL－6水平的影响

为了观察脑死亡后不同液体容量治疗对血清肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF—α）、白细胞介素－1β（IL-1β）和白细胞介素－6（IL－6）等炎症介质水平改变的影响,选用巴马小型猪15只,随机分为3组各5只,即对照组（C组）、4％改良琥珀酰明胶组（MFG组）及乳酸林格氏液组（RL组）。C组不建立脑死亡模型,给与乳酸林格氏液30ml·kg^-1·d^-1～40ml·kg^-1·d^-1。MGF组和RL组为脑死亡组,采用颅内加压法建立脑死亡模型,MFG组给与4％改良琥珀酰明胶溶液30ml·kg^-1·d^-1,RL组给与乳酸林格氏液30-40ml·kg^-1·d^-1。分别于麻醉后及首次判定脑死亡后3、16、12、18和24h留取血样,检测血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL--6水平。结果发现MGF组较RL组血压和心率平稳;RL组TNF--α、IL-1β和IL-6水平自脑死亡后3h点开始逐渐升高;MFG组TNF--α、IL--1β和IL-6水平脑死亡后3h点开始亦升高,但升高幅度均较RL组低;三组间自脑死亡后3h点开始,组间比较差异有统计学意义。提示脑死亡后血清炎症介质TNF—α、IL-1β和IL--6释放增加,琥珀酰明胶可抑制脑死亡后TNF--α、IL--6、IL-1β等炎症介质的释放,减轻炎症反应,改善机体状况。     

THE AMAZING PLACENTA: EVOLUTION AND LIFELINE TO HUMANNESS

The placenta arose during mammalian evolution, which is recent in evolutionary terms. Genetic changes underlying placental development remain identifiable by the new science of comparative genomics (approximately post-2000). Randomly arising features of genomes including endogenous retroviruses and transposable elements have provided structural genes and gene-regulatory motifs responsible for innovations in placental biology. Stochastic genetic events indeed contribute to new functionality. Theologically, random mutations are part of the strategy by which the divine purpose for humanity is attained. Placental function critically underlies human brain development, and suboptimal function, associated with environmental conditions and maternal distress, contributes to mental health deficits in the offspring. Many enter life with handicaps arising from contingent events in utero, mandating understanding, compassion, and socioemotional support, imperatives native to moral including biblical values. The extended period of development afforded by placentation enables prenatal parenting, with implications for sensitive and devoted parental commitment.     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

Human Dignity and the Ethics and Aesthetics of Pain and Suffering

Inasmuch as unmitigated pain and suffering areoften thought to rob human beings of theirdignity, physicians and other care providersincur a special duty to relieve pain andsuffering when they encounter it. When pain andsuffering cannot be controlled it is sometimesthought that human dignity is compromised.Death, it is sometimes argued, would bepreferred to a life without dignity.Reasoning such as this trades on certainpreconceptions of the nature of pain andsuffering, and of their relationships todignity. The purpose of this paper is to laybare these preconceptions. The duties torelieve pain and suffering are clearly mattersof moral obligation, as is the duty to respondappropriately to the dignity of other persons.However, it is argued that our understanding ofthe phenomena of pain and suffering and theirrelationships to human dignity will be expandedwhen we explore the aesthetic dimensions ofthese various concepts. On the view presentedhere the life worth living is both morally goodand aesthetically beautiful. Appropriate``suffering with' another can help to maintainand restore the dignity of the relationshipsinvolved, even as it preserves and enhances thedignity of patient and caregiver alike.