小学生字词识别与语言技能、工作记忆关系研究

本研究采用注音任务、语言任务、再认方法探讨了小学生字词识别与语言技能、工作记忆的关系和影响小学生字词识别的因素。发现：(1)字词识别与语言技能、工作记忆在2、4年级相关均显著;6年级学生字词识别与语言技能的形旁及工作记忆相关不显著,但与语言技能其它维度相关显著(2)预测小学生字词识别发展的主要因素随年级升高而变化。预测2年级学生字词识别的重要指标是语音的音节、字形的形旁与工作记忆;4年级是语音的音节、字形的声旁、句法与工作记忆;6年级是语音的声韵、字形的声旁与语义。     

Test of Competing Explanations of the Bizarre Response Bias in Recognition Memory

Recent research has demonstrated that a more liberal response criterion is used when people make judgments about bizarre items than about common items in old-new tests of recognition. The present study was designed to test 2 possible explanations of the bizarre response bias. The bizarre-relations explanation suggests that the bizarre response bias is triggered by the bizarre relations depicted in test items. The target-constituent explanation suggests that the bizarre response bias is the result of a sense of familiarity with constituents of bizarre test items. These explanations were tested by examining the influence of lure manipulations on memory discrimination and response bias for common and bizarre hand-drawn pictures. The results indicated support for the target-constituent explanation by reversing the response bias (obtaining a common response bias) in a recognition test that used common lures containing constituents from bizarre target items and bizarre lures containing constituents from common target items. The results also indicated that increased verbal elaboration enhanced memory discrimination and reduced response bias for both common and bizarre stimuli. The implications of these results are discussed with regard to the false memory controversy.     

Recognition Memory for Faces: Reliability and Validity of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test (RMT) in a Neurological Sample

In response to critiques regarding the psychometric limitations of the Warrington Recognition Memory Test for faces (RMT-F), the current study was conducted to examine the test-retest reliability and validity of the measure in a neurological sample. Forty adult outpatients, ages 35–81, were administered the RMT-F as part of their diagnostic exam. A second evaluation was conducted after an average interval of 7 months (range = 2–20 months). Results yielded a Pearson reliability coefficient of 0.81 (p < .001), indicating a clinically satisfactory index of stability. Correlations with other measures were conducted to examine convergent and divergent validity. Results indicate that the facial component of the RMT has adequate reliability for patients with established neurological disease, shows moderate correlations with other measures of complex visuospatial function, and shows no significant correlation with measures of verbal reasoning, visual problem-solving, or verbal fluency. These findings provide additional support for the clinical efficacy of this instrument for use in a diverse neurological patient sample.     

No Benefit of Eye-Closure Rehearsal in a Unimodal Recognition Memory Test for Word Items

Recent studies have suggested that closing the eyes helps memory retrieval in recall tests for audiovisual clips that contain multimodal information. In two experiments, we examined whether eye-closure improves recognition memory performance for word lists presented unimodally (i.e., visually or aurally). In the encoding phase, participants saw or heard a list of unrelated, meaningful word items. After a fixed retention interval of 1 week (Experiment 1, n = 110) and 5 min (Experiment 2, n = 44), the participants were asked to mentally rehearse the items with their eyes open or closed, and then they performed a recognition test. The results revealed no effect of eye-closure rehearsal on recognition performance. We discuss the possible reasons why no eye-closure benefit was found in recognition memory tests for unrelated word items.     

字频和预存表征对相继记忆效应的影响

采用学习-再认研究范式和事件相关电位方法,研究高频字、低频字、假字和非字的相继记忆效应(Dm效应)。18名大学生为被试,根据其测验结果将刺激分成记住和未记住两类,对相应编码过程的ERPs进行分析。结果表明：（1）真字中发现了相继记忆效应,低频字比高频字的相继记忆效应更大,随后正确再认的ERPs 比不能正确再认的ERPs有更大的晚正成份;（2）非字中的相继记忆效应比真字中的效应更大,出现的时间也较早(140ms~200ms),而假字中没有发现显著的相继记忆效应。这些结果表明,字频是影响相继记忆效应的重要因素,高、低频字的相继记忆效应可能存在不同的神经机制,而预存表征不是相继记忆效应出现与否的前提条件     

Memory for Frequency of Bizarre and Common Stimuli: Limitations of the Automaticity Hypothesis

In 2 experiments, the influence of intention to process frequency on accuracy of memory for frequency of bizarre and common sentences was investigated. The results from multiple regression analyses indicated that intentional processing increased the accuracy of frequency judgments when memory for frequency was tested after a 2-min (Experiment 1) and after a 48-hr (Experiment 2) retention interval. Furthermore, the results of Experiment 2 indicated that unintentional processors tended to overestimate frequencies of bizarre relative to common items after a delay. The implications of the results are discussed with regard to L. Hasher and R. T. Zacks's (1984) automaticity hypothesis, human performance, and the accuracy of judgments of frequency of occurrence of unusual events.     

再认中意识和无意识的贡献大小--兼论内隐记忆的抗老化现象

本研究以探索记忆中意识和无意识贡献大小为目的,采用年龄和材料两个自变量,年龄分中青年和老年两组,被试均为23人,材料分文字和非文字两种。实验通过PDP的包含和排除测验计算意识和无意识的贡献大小。结果发现：(1)意识在不同年龄和不同材料的记忆中所起作用的差异极为显著;(2)无意识在文字材料的记忆中所起作用的差异极为显著;(3)无意识在非文字材料和不同年龄的记忆中所起的作用的差异均不显著。由此推论,老年人记忆中无意识贡献并未下降。这似说明,老年人内隐记忆并未老化。     

汉语字词识别中词频和语义透明度的交互作用

该研究通过词汇判断作业考察了中文双字合成词的心理表征问题。目标刺激为高频透明、高频不透明、低频透明、低频不透明词各12个和48个假词,被试任务为即既又准的判断目标刺激是否是一个词。结果发现,高频词的词汇判断速度快于低频词,透明词的词汇判断速度快于不透明词,词频和语义透明度有显著的交互作用。透明度对低频词的识别所起的作用大于对高频词的识别所起的作用。     

从词频和新旧效应探讨再认测验中的定向遗忘

本文采用字表方式,从高低词频和新旧效应角度,探讨内隐和外显测验中定向遗忘效应的存在性及其机制问题。结果发现:(1)低频词在两种测验中都存在定向遗忘效应,而高频词仅存在于外显测验中。(2)两种测验中都存在指示记住的新旧效应,而外显测验中不存在指示忘记的新旧效应。由此推断,测验间在没有"意识和无意识"相互污染的理想情况下,只有外显测验可获得定向遗忘效应;定向遗忘的机制可能是选择性编码机制。     

学习方式的变革:提取促进学习

提取练习效应是指在学习与最终测验之间,等长时间的提取练习与重复学习相比,前者更能促进长时记忆的保持,也称为测试效应。大量研究表明提取测试是一种高效的学习策略,师生却对此认识不足,认为测试只是检测学习效果的评估工具,并不能改变或促进学习。本文主要从提取练习促进学习的认知神经加工机制、提取练习在实践应用中的特点、提高提取练习效应的方法及其在教学实践中的局限四方面梳理了相关研究,为提取练习广泛应用于教学实践提供支持,同时也为师生正确高效利用这一策略提供了参考,使学生获得更高效和持久的学习。     

Recognition of Inflected Words in a Morphologically Limited Language: Frequency Effects in Monolinguals and Bilinguals

The effect of word frequency on the processing of monomorphemic vs. inflected words was investigated in a morphologically relatively limited language, Swedish, with two participant groups: early Finnish–Swedish bilinguals and Swedish monolinguals. The visual lexical decision results of the monolinguals suggest morphological decomposition with low-frequency inflected nouns, while with medium- and high-frequency inflections, full-form processing was apparently employed. The bilinguals demonstrated a similar pattern. The results suggest that morpheme-based recognition is employed even in a morphologically limited language when the inflectional forms occur rarely. With more frequent inflectional forms, full-form representations have developed for both mono- and bilingual speakers. In a comparable study employing a morphologically rich language, Finnish, Lehtonen and Laine (2003, Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 6, 213–225) observed full-form access only at the high-frequency range and only for monolinguals. These differences suggest that besides word frequency and language background, the morphological richness of a language affects the processing mode employed with polymorphemic wordsThis study was financially supported by a grant (#20010) from the Joint Committee of the Nordic Social Science Research Councils (NOS-S). We are grateful for Jonna Kortelahti- Brunnsteiner for recruitment and testing of part of the bilingual participants     

简化的联合再认范式中情绪对错误记忆影响的年龄差异

以康奈尔情绪DRM词表为主要实验材料, 使用简化的联合再认范式(DRM范式的变式), 结合多项式加工树建模的统计手段, 对34名年轻人(23 ± 2岁)和28名老年人(68 ± 5岁)的再认记忆进行比较, 以考察不同年龄组中情绪效价对错误记忆的作用机制。结果发现材料的情绪效价对错误记忆的影响存在显著年龄差异：(1) 积极情绪能够有效降低老年人的错误记忆, 其作用机制为积极情绪增强了老年人的字面痕迹而减弱了要点痕迹提取; (2) 消极情绪能够有效地降低年轻人的错误记忆, 其作用机制为消极情绪使年轻人反应偏向降低, 但不影响其记忆痕迹的提取。结果表明, 简化的联合再认范式下, 情绪效价对错误记忆的效应存在明显的年龄差异：老年人表现出积极情绪降低错误记忆的积极偏向; 年轻人表现出消极情绪降低错误记忆的消极偏向; 情绪效应对错误记忆的认知机制存在年龄差异。     

The Memory of Micro-Organisms: An Essay on the Experience of Environmental Alterations by Bacteria

Using a generalized conception of experience, from which all features characteristic for higher animals (such as consciousness and thought) have been removed, allowed relating experience to adaptive processes in lower organisms. The temporal vector character of every current experience, containing as well memories of past experiences as intentions for future activities, can then be found in the adaptive response of cyanobacteria to alterations in phosphate supply, particularly in energetic manifestations of this phenomenon. A possible analogy between adaptive events as the “atomic units” of physiological adaptation and Whitehead's actual occasion of experience is discussed.     

Word frequency influences on the list length effect and associative memory in young and older adults

Many studies show that age deficits in memory are smaller for information supported by pre-experimental experience. Many studies also find dissociations in memory tasks between words that occur with high and low frequencies in language, but the literature is mixed regarding the extent of word frequency effects in normal ageing. We examined whether age deficits in episodic memory could be influenced by manipulations of word frequency. In Experiment 1, young and older adults studied short and long lists of high- and low-frequency words for free recall. The list length effect (the drop in proportion recalled for longer lists) was larger in young compared to older adults and for high- compared to low-frequency words. In Experiment 2, young and older adults completed item and associative recognition memory tests with high- and low-frequency words. Age deficits were greater for associative memory than for item memory, demonstrating an age-related associative deficit. High-frequency words led to better associative memory performance whilst low-frequency words resulted in better item memory performance. In neither experiment was there any evidence for age deficits to be smaller for high- relative to low-frequency words, suggesting that word frequency effects on memory operate independently from effects due to cognitive ageing.     

Decision Strategies and the Confidence–Accuracy Relationship in Face Recognition

The decision strategy used to select a choice set from an array of alternative options is known to affect the composition of the final choice set. Specifically, individuals incorporate more answers into their choice set when it is created by eliminating implausible items than when the set is created through the inclusion of plausible options. This difference is accounted for in a decision framework that posits a general reluctance to change the status quo (i.e., actively include or exclude an item). We extended this work to investigate, not only the decisions themselves, but also metacognitive judgments (i.e., confidence in the accuracy of the choice set). In two face recognition experiments, we tested the impact of decision strategy (Experiment 1) and confidence judgment strategy (Experiment 2) on the confidence–accuracy relationship. In Experiment 1, participants completed two blocks of recognition trials, one under inclusion (marking previously seen faces) and one under elimination (marking previously unseen faces) instructions. We observed superior resolution (i.e., discrimination between correct and incorrect) for inclusion trials, but only when they were completed prior to use of the elimination strategy. In Experiment 2, all participants completed face recognition trials under inclusion instructions, but we manipulated the strategy used to assess confidence. Again, we observed a significant impact of strategy on confidence–accuracy resolution. Thus, we observed that both the strategy employed to reach a decision and that employed to assess confidence affected the confidence–accuracy relationship. We discuss theoretical and applied (particularly for eyewitness identification and multiple‐choice testing) implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

学习困难学生排除理解障碍的实验研究

选取62名学习困难学生和63名优生为被试,以回视作为阅读元认知调节的指标,对学习困难学生的排除理解障碍策略的应用进行了实验研究。结果表明:(1)学习困难学生的回视可分三种类型,即记忆型、理解型和检查型回视;(2)在有无元认知回视上,优差生之间存在十分显著的差异,优生具有更多的元认知回视;(3)元认知回视组的成绩十分显著地优于记忆型回视组及无回视组。     

Probing the Brain Substrates of Cognitive Processes Responsible for Context Effects on Recognition Memory

ABSTRACT

Context effects on episodic recognition memory involve separable contributions of target-context binding, additive familiarity, and configural constancy. Here we examine whether these factors reflect contributions of processes attributed to different brain substrates. First, we challenged frontal and medial temporal lobe-based cognitive capacities in healthy young adults, employing divided attention tasks at encoding and retrieval, and extended retrieval delay, respectively. Target-context binding effects were specifically attenuated by delay, but not by divided attention. In a second experiment, older adults were identified by neuropsychological testing as having different levels of frontal and medial temporal lobe-dependent cognitive functions. Consistent with Experiment 1, older adults with low medial temporal lobe function exhibited reduced target-context binding effects, but levels of frontal function did not modulate binding effects. These findings indicate that unlike source memory, context effects on memory are associated with the integrity of medial temporal lobe-based processes but not with the integrity of frontal lobe-based processes. Our findings also emphasize the importance of discriminating between functional subgroups in the attempt to characterize memory processes in older adults.     

藏语阅读中中央凹词频效应及对副中央凹预视效应的影响

在不同语言文字系统中,对于眼动控制的本质及其发生机制,尤其是阅读过程中注意资源的分配是序列分布还是平行分布的问题,目前仍然存在着争论和分歧。藏语是拼音文字,但它同时又具有汉语的特点,独具语言特色。因此,通过对藏语阅读过程中中央凹词频对副中央凹预视效应影响这一问题的探讨,可以在一种已有研究未曾涉及的文字系统中进一步推动上述争议的解决。本研究采用眼动记录法,设计了两个实验。实验1操纵了中央凹词频(高频、低频),考察藏语阅读中中央凹词的词频效应及词频延迟效应,结果发现,藏语阅读中存在词频效应及词频延迟效应。实验2同时操纵中央凹词频和副中央凹预视词类型,借助边界范式,考察藏语阅读中副中央凹预视效应及中央凹词频对副中央凹预视效应的影响,结果发现,藏语阅读中存在副中央凹预视效应,且与低频中央凹词相比,高频中央凹词对副中央凹预视效应的促进作用更大。两个实验结果表明:(1)藏语阅读中存在显著的词频效应,且表现在词汇加工的整个过程;(2)藏语阅读中存在显著的词频延迟效应,并贯穿于词汇加工的整个过程;(3)藏语阅读中存在显著的副中央凹预视效应,读者能通过副中央凹预视提取到语音和字形信息。藏语阅读中中央凹词...     

媒体多任务经验对不同注意模式下内隐记忆的影响

本研究采用经典背景线索范式,在分布式注意（限制眼动）和集中式注意（自由观看）两种模式下考察不同媒体多任务经验者的内隐记忆表现。实验1要求被试在学习阶段自由观看场景并搜索目标,在测试阶段限制眼动并使用外周视野搜索目标。实验2将学习、测试阶段的注意模式反转。结果发现,高媒体多任务经验者在两种注意模式下均表现出背景线索效应;低媒体多任务经验者仅在集中式注意模式下表现出背景线索效应。结果表明,高媒体多任务经验者在分布式注意模式下存在一定的内隐记忆优势。     

汉字识别中的同音字效应:语音影响字形加工的证据

两个实验考察汉字识别中语音对字形加工产生的影响。实验一采用视觉呈现材料的词汇判断法,没有发现如同英语研究中的同音字效应,实验二采用视、听跨通道的实验范式,首先呈现汉字的语音,然后进行视觉的词汇判断,结果发现,当出现的汉字为低频字时,其同音字越多,词汇判断的时间越长。这说明汉字的识别过程中,语音对低频字字形的加工有一定影响。