A Statistical Interpretive Method for Neuropsychological Test Data

The accurate interpretation of large numbers of neuropsychological tests within a flexible battery approach is a difficult and sometimes controversial process. We present a statistically based method of interpretation (Rohling's Interpretive Method or RIM) and evaluation of neuropsychological data that allows for varying numbers of tests along a varying number of cognitive domains, yet remains psychometrically based. This method requires informed clinical judgment in that the level of confidence for tests, cognitive domains, and global indices are used as the backdrop for interpretive decisions. Specific procedures for use are presented in a systematic, detailed fashion to allow the interested reader to replicate the method. Two case examples are presented: a straightforward case of cerebrovascular insult and a more complicated case of mixed etiology. Examples include a variety of different neuropsychological tests commonly used in a flexible battery approach. A discussion of the practicality, ease of use, and potential limitations of this method are further presented.     

A Meta-View of Multivariate Statistical Inference Methods in European Psychology Journals

We investigated the extent and nature of multivariate statistical inferential procedures used in eight European psychology journals covering a range of content (i.e., clinical, social, health, personality, organizational, developmental, educational, and cognitive). Multivariate methods included those found in popular texts that focused on prediction, group difference, and advanced modeling: multiple regression, logistic regression, analysis of covariance, multivariate analysis of variance, factor or principal component analysis, structural equation modeling, multilevel modeling, and other methods. Results revealed that an average of 57% of the articles from these eight journals involved multivariate analyses with a third using multiple regression, 17% using structural modeling, and the remaining methods collectively comprising about 50% of the analyses. The most frequently occurring inferential procedures involved prediction weights, dichotomous p values, figures with data, and significance tests with very few articles involving confidence intervals, statistical mediation, longitudinal analyses, power analysis, or meta-analysis. Contributions, limitations and future directions are discussed.     

共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法

共同方法偏差是心理学研究中一个越来越被关注的课题,但国内心理学界对其的介绍、研究还比较少,导致研究中对共同方法偏差的控制还有所欠缺。共同方法偏差的控制方法分为程序控制和统计控制,该文介绍了共同方法偏差的多种统计控制法,如因素分析法、偏相关法、潜在的误差变量控制法、结构方程模型法等,分析了其各自的优缺点,并提出了如何选择采用这些方法的建议.     

Statistical Judgment Formation in Personnel Selection: A Study in Military Aviation Psychology

This study addresses the issue of data combination in personnel selection. In a pilot study for the selection of trainee pilots for the German Luftwaffe, 99 applicants were assessed using a comprehensive battery of tests that measured inductive thinking, spatial thinking, attentiveness, visual and verbal short-term memory, sensorimotor coordination, and reactive stress tolerance. The global evaluation of the applicants' performance in a flight simulator served as an external criterion. The predictive validity of this test battery was checked by carrying out a discriminant analysis as well as by calculating a neural network. The 2 methods were compared with regard to their classification rate, stability, and separation of correct and incorrect classifications. The results show that artificial neural networks are useful tools for improving the quality of selection procedures for trainee pilots.     

Taking Community Seriously: A Theory and Method for a Community-Oriented Psychology of Religion

In contemporary scholarship, the psychology of religion involves the scientific study of religious life. Traditionally, psychologists have pursued a strikingly individualistic approach to their study of the topic, which seems at odds with the emphasis on groups or society in most definitions of religion. What would happen if we took this relational aspect of religion seriously? The paper investigates the question by asking (1) how might the underlying philosophy of science for the field differ if we took a more relational approach to the topic, and (2) how might our altered assumptions affect the scientific study of religion in psychology. The result is a modest proposal for a community-oriented psychology of religion that embraces a greater diversity of methods and a sharper emphasis on goals that will be directly beneficial to the people we study.     

The Significance of the Rorschach Method for Consulting Psychology

Abstract

A round-table discussion of the Rorschach test was held at Albany, New York, on May 8, 1937, in connection with the eighth annual meeting of the Association of Consulting Psychologists. There were 32 persons present at this conference with Dr. Bruno Klopfer, of Teachers College, Columbia University, presiding. Dr. Klopfer opened the discussion with a brief survey of the development of the Rorschach method. He presented figures to show the growth of the Rorschach Research Exchange which started with 14 subscribers in the Summer of 1936 and has now reached a total of more than one hundred subscribers in the United States and Europe. He then introduced the various speakers.     

A Critique of Miller and Rohling's Statistical Interpretive Method for Neuropsychological Test Data

A critical review of the 24-step procedure of Miller and Rohling's (in press) proposed standardization of clinician's use of neuropsychological assessment batteries is presented. Each step is examined for statistical sources of invalidity. It was concluded that parts of the procedure are quite vulnerable to between-battery variability that cannot be easily estimated or controlled, leading to significant errors in analysis and classification. A second fatal flaw is the failure to distinguish in the procedures between standard error measurement and standard error of the estimate in calculations in several steps. The purpose of the process remains viable, however, and is an important contribution toward the improvement of clinical diagnosis.     

一种基于Q矩阵理论朴素的认知诊断方法

现有的认知诊断方法均是在复杂的统计测量学知识基础上构建的, 需要经过大量的运算才可实现对被试的诊断分类。这使得相关研究者及一线教师在理解和运用某一认知诊断方法时困难重重。相比之下, 孙佳楠、张淑梅、辛涛和包钰(2011)提出的广义距离判别法(GDD)较其他认知诊断方法更简单易用且分类准确率高。本研究在改进的Q矩阵理论(丁树良, 祝玉芳, 林海菁, 蔡艳, 2009; 丁树良, 杨淑群, 汪文义, 2010)的基础上, 借鉴GDD的思路, 提出一种无需进行参数估计的朴素的认知诊断方法, 即海明距离判别法(HDD)。根据判别方式的不同将其分为R方法和B方法。采用Monte Carlo模拟的研究方法, 以模式判准率(PMR)和属性平均判准率(AAMR)作为衡量被试知识状态分类准确率的指标, 与GDD进行比较。结果表明, HDD具有更简便的操作步骤和更好的分类准确率。     

A History of Psychology of Religion in the West: Implications for Theory and Method

The study of religion in Western psychology has an interesting history that provides many lessons for future attempts to understand the spiritual aspects of human experience. In the past, psychologists have typically operated from one of three paradigms in their study of religion: (1) hermeneutic–phenomenological, (2) positivistic naturalism, and (3) religious integration. Each of these paradigms has a number of important theoretical assumptions and a preferred set of methodologies that offer significant advantages and disadvantages. The paradigm of positivistic naturalism, with its emphasis on quantitative questionnaire methodology, has been the most influential but also the least helpful in generating new ideas for the psychological understanding of religion, particularly as it is practiced in non-Western contexts. A historical survey of the other competing paradigms offers many insights and practical suggestions about how research in the psychology of religion might proceed in the twenty-first century.     

The Psychology of Self-Esteem: A Potential Common Ground for Humanistic Positive Psychology and Positivistic Positive Psychology

Today there are 2 positive psychologies: 1 that is humanistic and 1 that is not. Both focus on researching, understanding, and fostering well-being, optimal functioning, and healthy social institutions. However, in addition to emerging at different times, the 2 psychologies are characterized by major philosophical and methodological differences that help determine what is seen and not seen from each point of view. One area where these distinctions show up most strikingly is in the psychology of self-esteem. Although humanistic positive psychology understands self-esteem as playing a key role in human behavior, the more positivistic positive psychology seems to have largely missed such an important factor. This article examines how the psychology of self-esteem could be a meeting ground between these 2 approaches.     

A Pilot Study of a Method for Teaching Clinical Psychology Trainees to Conceptualise and Manage Countertransference

There is evidence that therapists' countertransference responses can affect the therapeutic relationship. There is also evidence that trainee therapists can experience difficulty understanding and managing countertransference. This evidence suggests the need for greater focus on countertransference in the training of professionals, such as psychologists, for whom therapy is a core activity. However, little is currently known about the best way of providing such training or the impact of such training on recipients. This pilot study examined clinical psychology trainees' responses to a teaching and learning method for conceptualising and managing countertransference. The method was designed to be accessible to a range of psychology trainees including those in cognitive behavioural therapy programmes. This article outlines the method and its pilot evaluation. An anonymous online questionnaire was completed by 55 trainees pre‐intervention and 40 post‐intervention. Qualitative methods were used to examine changes in trainees' analyses of countertransference pre‐ and post‐intervention, and their reports of understanding and managing countertransference. Trainees also rated the intervention. The majority of participants who completed the post‐intervention questionnaire reported that training increased awareness of or the ability to conceptualise countertransference. They reported strategies for managing countertransference, although they were less confident in this area.     

《心理学通史》评价

心理学有一个长期的过去,但仅有一个短期的历史。艾宾浩斯的这一名言,我们心理学工作者在刚踏入学科门槛之时,就已耳熟能详。心理学有一个长期的过去,意味着前人对有关心理学问题的探讨,卷帙浩繁;心理学虽有一个短期的历史,但其研究领域广泛,内容高度分化,因而流派繁多,理论庞杂。