The Geotropic Conduct of Young Kittens

Skinner, B. F. The Behavior of Organisms. New York: Appleton-Century, 1938. Pp. 457. Reviewed by John L. Finan.

Sakel, M. Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia. New York and Washington : Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co., 1938. Pp. 135. Reviewed by Hudsonho Acland.     

The Geotropic Reaction of Newborn Puppies

Male and female decision time with parallel and sequential processing problems, under control, distraction, and irrelevant cue conditions were studied. Males were superior in all sequential processing control conditions, and in all parallel processing control conditions. For both sexes processing was most efficient in control conditions, without distractions or irrelevant cues. Females showed less of a decline in efficiency than males when irrelevant visual cues were present in the sequential processing condition.     

Measurement of Positive Irrational Beliefs (Positive Cognitive Illusions)

The role of positive irrational beliefs (positive cognitive illusions) in mental health has been debated over several decades. The measurement of such beliefs has usually been through inferential assessment, which has been heavily criticised. This paper sought to establish a measure for the direct assessment of such beliefs and to assess their relationship to subjective wellbeing (SWB). Over two studies this new measure was found to have a factor structure consistent with its design, assessing self-enhancing beliefs, beliefs rejecting imperfection, overly optimistic beliefs, and irrational beliefs of control. When combined, these beliefs account for 17.6 % of the variance with SWB. This is driven largely by a higher order factor, which demonstrates a positive relationship to SWB. However, individually the different types of irrational beliefs demonstrate a variety of relationships with SWB. It is therefore concluded that positive irrational beliefs, when directly assessed, provide a greater depth of information than they do when assessed inferentially.     

基于YAH（You—Are-Here）地图定向中的方位效应

目的：研究基于YAH地图进行方位判断时是否存在方位效应及其表现形式。方法：90名被试分为三组参加三个被试内设计实验,实验一为基于YAH地图的绝对朝向判断,实验二为基于YAH地图的相对方位判断,实验三为不同绝对朝向条件下（失匹配）的相对方位判断。结果：绝对朝向判断中存在绝对朝向效应及北优势效应,反应时上表现为“0°〈（90°／180°／270°）〈（45°／135°／225°／315°）”;相对方位判断中存在相对方位效应,表现为反应时“（0°／90°／180°／270°）〈（45°／135°／225°／315°）”;失匹配条件下相对方位效应表现为“0°〈（90°／180°／270°）〈（45°／／315°）〈（135°／225°）”,相对方位效应模式不受绝对朝向影响。结论：基于YAH地图定向存在绝对朝向效应及相对方位效应,相对方位效应不受绝对朝向的影响。     

The Happiness-Enhancing Activities and Positive Practices Inventory (HAPPI): Development and Validation

Whilst research indicates that happiness-enhancing activities can boost happiness, the measurement of intentional happiness-enhancing activities has thus far been inadequate. This paper describes the development and initial empirical testing of the Happiness-enhancing Activities and Positive Practices Inventory (HAPPI), a self-report inventory designed to measure older adults’ happiness-enhancing activities. An exploratory factor analysis of the HAPPI responses from a population sample of 2,313 older adults identified four factors: self-concordant work, personal recreation and people, spiritual and thought-related, and goal-focused activities. Results demonstrated evidence of reliability, convergent and discriminant validity and support for the predictive utility of the HAPPI. The subscales derived from the factor analysis correlated as expected with measures of subjective well-being and other relevant measures, and showed moderately high subscale intercorrelations and satisfactory internal consistency. The results provide a basis for continuing to develop and clarify the types of intentional activities people engage in. Differences between our results and studies with younger adults are discussed, including possible age-related differences in the types of happiness-enhancing activities engaged in and the potential influence of these activities on happiness. The HAPPI is a relatively brief, easily administered inventory that shows promise as a useful tool for the measurement of happiness-enhancing activities and can be employed to follow cohorts to determine which domains demonstrate the greatest contribution to happiness and other well-being outcomes, which have implications for social policy, education and intervention programmes to enhance well-being.     

The Positive Aspects of Being the Parent of an LGBTQ Child

Parenting an LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer) identified child presents unique opportunities for growth and development. This study focused on self‐reported perceptions of the positive aspects of being the parent of an LGBTQ child. Participants (N = 142) were mothers (83.8%) and fathers (16.2%) of LGBTQ identified individuals who responded to an open‐ended online survey. Thematic analysis revealed five primary themes: Personal Growth (open mindedness, new perspectives, awareness of discrimination, and compassion), Positive Emotions (pride and unconditional love), Activism, Social Connection, and Closer Relationships (closer to child and family closeness). The practice implications of these findings for supporting parents in envisioning positive relationship outcomes for themselves and their children are highlighted in the discussion.     

Feature selection using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Road Sign Detection and Recognition (RSDR) system

Road Sign Detection and Recognition (RSDR) is aimed to enable drivers maintain basic functionality with the aim of identifying and notifying driver through the existing restrictions so that the process is a success on the present widened road. Examples for RSDR include ‘traffic light ahead’ or ‘pedestrian crossing’ signs. An innovative RSDR system has been introduced which comprises of pre-processing, edge detection, feature extraction, features selection and Ensemble Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (EFSVM) classifier. Feature selection is carried out successfully by deployment of Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm to determine most prominent and definitive features. These features are then fed into the ensemble SVM to enable both road side traffic detection as well as recognition. Suggested system’s performance is analyzed and evaluated with respect to road signs having a capable recognition rate.     

The Gay and Lesbian Affirmative Development (GLAD) Model: Facilitating Positive Gay Identity Development

The Gay and Lesbian Affirmative Development (GLAD) model, a proactive, gay‐affirmative counseling approach, is proposed Parallels are drawn between Cass's (1979) Homosexual Identity Formation model and Ivey's (1990) cognitive‐behavioral Developmental Counseling Therapy model to help counselors assess and facilitate gay and lesbian clients' cognitive development related to the formation of a positive sexual orientation identity.     

宽带宽噪音图片朝向辨识任务上的“反倾斜效应”

本研究探讨宽带宽噪音图片的反倾斜效应及短期训练对其影响。首先,我们测量被试对四个朝向(0°,45°,90°和135°)噪音图片的知觉明显度阈值。然后根据被试的阈值生成图片,让被试完成朝向辨识任务,记录正确率和反应时。结果表明人对倾斜朝向刺激的辨识显著好于主要朝向。并且,被试对所有朝向刺激的辨识经训练后都有显著提高。本研究提示人们对于这种宽带宽噪音图片的辨识能够学习,但是短期的训练不能使反倾斜效应消失。     

Positive interaction (induction) in multiple variable-interval, differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate schedules

The effect of increases in the rate of responding in one component of a multiple schedule upon the rate of responding in a second component was investigated. Pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule where both components were initially variable-interval schedules having the same parameter value. After rate of key pecking stabilized, one component was changed to a schedule that differentially reinforced high rates of responding. Rate of reinforcement in this varied component was adjusted to remain equal to rate of reinforcement in the constant (variable-interval) component. Four of five pigeons showed a maintained increase in rate of responding during both the constant and varied components, even though rates of reinforcement did not change.     

积极情绪体验对创造力影响

通过行为数据、生理数据和主观报告"三位一体"的方法,随机抽取60名大学生为被试,采用单因素3水平(情绪体验类型:感动、愉快、中性)被试间设计,以科学发明创造实验问题为创造力测试材料,探讨了不同类型的积极情绪体验对创造力的影响。结果发现:积极情绪体验能有效促进创造力的发挥,但是不同的积极情绪体验类型效果不同。与中性情绪体验相比,感动体验和愉快体验对创造力都具有显著促进作用,且感动体验效果更好。不同积极情绪体验下男女被试在创造力上并无差异,这表明创造力水平并不存在男女性别差异。