The Geotropic Conduct of Young Kittens

Skinner, B. F. The Behavior of Organisms. New York: Appleton-Century, 1938. Pp. 457. Reviewed by John L. Finan.

Sakel, M. Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia. New York and Washington : Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Co., 1938. Pp. 135. Reviewed by Hudsonho Acland.     

The Geotropic Reaction of Newborn Puppies

Male and female decision time with parallel and sequential processing problems, under control, distraction, and irrelevant cue conditions were studied. Males were superior in all sequential processing control conditions, and in all parallel processing control conditions. For both sexes processing was most efficient in control conditions, without distractions or irrelevant cues. Females showed less of a decline in efficiency than males when irrelevant visual cues were present in the sequential processing condition.     

Measurement of Positive Irrational Beliefs (Positive Cognitive Illusions)

The role of positive irrational beliefs (positive cognitive illusions) in mental health has been debated over several decades. The measurement of such beliefs has usually been through inferential assessment, which has been heavily criticised. This paper sought to establish a measure for the direct assessment of such beliefs and to assess their relationship to subjective wellbeing (SWB). Over two studies this new measure was found to have a factor structure consistent with its design, assessing self-enhancing beliefs, beliefs rejecting imperfection, overly optimistic beliefs, and irrational beliefs of control. When combined, these beliefs account for 17.6 % of the variance with SWB. This is driven largely by a higher order factor, which demonstrates a positive relationship to SWB. However, individually the different types of irrational beliefs demonstrate a variety of relationships with SWB. It is therefore concluded that positive irrational beliefs, when directly assessed, provide a greater depth of information than they do when assessed inferentially.     

基于YAH（You—Are-Here）地图定向中的方位效应

目的：研究基于YAH地图进行方位判断时是否存在方位效应及其表现形式。方法：90名被试分为三组参加三个被试内设计实验,实验一为基于YAH地图的绝对朝向判断,实验二为基于YAH地图的相对方位判断,实验三为不同绝对朝向条件下（失匹配）的相对方位判断。结果：绝对朝向判断中存在绝对朝向效应及北优势效应,反应时上表现为“0°〈（90°／180°／270°）〈（45°／135°／225°／315°）”;相对方位判断中存在相对方位效应,表现为反应时“（0°／90°／180°／270°）〈（45°／135°／225°／315°）”;失匹配条件下相对方位效应表现为“0°〈（90°／180°／270°）〈（45°／／315°）〈（135°／225°）”,相对方位效应模式不受绝对朝向影响。结论：基于YAH地图定向存在绝对朝向效应及相对方位效应,相对方位效应不受绝对朝向的影响。     

The Happiness-Enhancing Activities and Positive Practices Inventory (HAPPI): Development and Validation

Whilst research indicates that happiness-enhancing activities can boost happiness, the measurement of intentional happiness-enhancing activities has thus far been inadequate. This paper describes the development and initial empirical testing of the Happiness-enhancing Activities and Positive Practices Inventory (HAPPI), a self-report inventory designed to measure older adults’ happiness-enhancing activities. An exploratory factor analysis of the HAPPI responses from a population sample of 2,313 older adults identified four factors: self-concordant work, personal recreation and people, spiritual and thought-related, and goal-focused activities. Results demonstrated evidence of reliability, convergent and discriminant validity and support for the predictive utility of the HAPPI. The subscales derived from the factor analysis correlated as expected with measures of subjective well-being and other relevant measures, and showed moderately high subscale intercorrelations and satisfactory internal consistency. The results provide a basis for continuing to develop and clarify the types of intentional activities people engage in. Differences between our results and studies with younger adults are discussed, including possible age-related differences in the types of happiness-enhancing activities engaged in and the potential influence of these activities on happiness. The HAPPI is a relatively brief, easily administered inventory that shows promise as a useful tool for the measurement of happiness-enhancing activities and can be employed to follow cohorts to determine which domains demonstrate the greatest contribution to happiness and other well-being outcomes, which have implications for social policy, education and intervention programmes to enhance well-being.     

Positive interaction (induction) in multiple variable-interval, differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate schedules

The effect of increases in the rate of responding in one component of a multiple schedule upon the rate of responding in a second component was investigated. Pigeons were exposed to a multiple schedule where both components were initially variable-interval schedules having the same parameter value. After rate of key pecking stabilized, one component was changed to a schedule that differentially reinforced high rates of responding. Rate of reinforcement in this varied component was adjusted to remain equal to rate of reinforcement in the constant (variable-interval) component. Four of five pigeons showed a maintained increase in rate of responding during both the constant and varied components, even though rates of reinforcement did not change.     

宽带宽噪音图片朝向辨识任务上的“反倾斜效应”

本研究探讨宽带宽噪音图片的反倾斜效应及短期训练对其影响。首先,我们测量被试对四个朝向(0°,45°,90°和135°)噪音图片的知觉明显度阈值。然后根据被试的阈值生成图片,让被试完成朝向辨识任务,记录正确率和反应时。结果表明人对倾斜朝向刺激的辨识显著好于主要朝向。并且,被试对所有朝向刺激的辨识经训练后都有显著提高。本研究提示人们对于这种宽带宽噪音图片的辨识能够学习,但是短期的训练不能使反倾斜效应消失。     

积极情绪体验对创造力影响

通过行为数据、生理数据和主观报告"三位一体"的方法,随机抽取60名大学生为被试,采用单因素3水平(情绪体验类型:感动、愉快、中性)被试间设计,以科学发明创造实验问题为创造力测试材料,探讨了不同类型的积极情绪体验对创造力的影响。结果发现:积极情绪体验能有效促进创造力的发挥,但是不同的积极情绪体验类型效果不同。与中性情绪体验相比,感动体验和愉快体验对创造力都具有显著促进作用,且感动体验效果更好。不同积极情绪体验下男女被试在创造力上并无差异,这表明创造力水平并不存在男女性别差异。     

The Assessment of Trust Orientation

The development of the Trust Inventory, a 40-item measure of trust in generalized others (Generalized Trust) and romantic partners (Partner Trust) is described. A third conceptualization of trust in friends and family members (Network Trust) is also discussed College students (N = 1,229) participated in five stages of test construction and validation. Results indicated that the Trust Inventory scales are reliable, both internally and temporally, and that the Partner Trust and Generalized Trust Scales demonstrate both concurrent and construct validity. The resulting inventory is unique in its capacity to assess these types of trust simultaneously. Evidence supporting the discriminant validity of the Network Trust was mixed, whereas factor analytic treatments of Trust Inventory items supported the distinctiveness of Network Trust as compared to Partner and Generalized Trust, the Network Trust Scale correlated to roughly the same degree as the other two scales with several variables of differential theoretical relevance. Thus, little evidence supporting the incremental validity of Network Trust was observed Discussion focuses on the evidence suggesting the validity of interpretations of Generalized and Partner Trust and considers the issue of additional research regarding Network Trust.     

积极心理学分类体系的整合观

积极心理学是近年来比较活跃的心理学研究领域。文章在阐述积极心理学基本原理的基础上,对积极心理学分类体系的五个结构——积极认知、积极情绪、积极行为、积极特质和积极组织——进行了系统的介绍和分析,并指出了以往研究中存在的局限及今后研究的方向。     

Religious Orientation, Mature Faith, and Psychological Distress: Elements of Positive and Negative Associations

There are substantial data exploring the link between religiousness and health, yet there is little consensus regarding the nature of the relationship between religiousness domains and mental health. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of mental health outcomes associated with religiousness domains. Participants included 251 ( M = 19.02; range = 17–25) young adults who completed self-report measures of religiousness (Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Quest Orientations, Faith Maturity Scale), and psychological distress subscales (SCL-90-R). We identified significant relationships between each of the religiousness measures and the SCL-90-R subscales and analyzed the relative contributions of each of the religiousness measures in predicting psychological distress with hierarchical multiple regression. The Faith Maturity Scale was a particularly robust predictor of positive and negative psychological adjustment. The specific pathways by which religiousness influences mental health outcomes remain to be elaborated in future research.     

Positive psychology: Past,present, and (possible) future

A survey study and two experiments were done to test the hypothesis that social flow is more enjoyable than solitary flow. In the survey study it was found that recalled social flow experiences were rated more enjoyable than solitary flow experiences. In the first experiment when challenge and skill were the same across social and solitary conditions, social flow was reported to be more enjoyable than solitary flow. In the second experiment when the level of social interdependence was manipulated it was found that participants in highly interdependent teams reported more joy in flow than individuals performing less interdependently. In both experiments, people playing simple paddleball games reported and expressed more joy performing with others than alone. Taken together, the three investigations support the conclusion that doing it together is better than doing it alone. Solitary flow, while quite enjoyable, is not as enjoyable as social flow.     

The Effect of Parental Orientation on the Development of the Child's Orientation

Abstract

(Burt, Sir Cyril. Intelligence and Fertility: The Effect of the Differential Birth Rate on Inborn Mental Characteristics. London: Hamilton, 1946.) Reviewed by Raymond B. Cattell

(Wolff, W. The Personality of the Preschool Child. New York: Grune &; Stratton, 1946. Pp. 341.) Reviewed by Dorothy Tilden Spoerl     

A Unified Latent Curve,Latent State-Trait Analysis of the Developmental Trajectories and Correlates of Positive Orientation

The subgrouping strategy has been employed in a number of studies (Fredriksen &; Gilbert, 1960; Fredriksen &; Melville, 1964; Ghiselli, 1956; Klein, Rock &; Evans, 1968; Rock, Evans &; Klein, 1969; Malnig, 1969). In each of these studies it was shown that after partitioning a sample into g subgroups and performing a separate regression analysis within each group, one could identify one or more subgroups having a larger multiple correlation than the total sample regression. An important question is whether this type of result will be maintained under cross validation.     

Assessing Sexual Orientation Symptoms in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Development and Validation of the Sexual Orientation Obsessions and Reactions Test (SORT)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) includes many symptom presentations, which creates unique diagnostic challenges. Fears surrounding one’s sexual orientation are common within OCD (also called SO-OCD), but SO-OCD is consistently misdiagnosed by physicians and psychologists. To address this issue, we describe the development of a self-report measure for assessing SO-OCD to help distinguish OCD from distress caused by a sexual orientation identity crisis. The current paper details two studies that established the psychometric properties and clinical utility of this measure. In Study 1, the factor structure, validity, and reliability were examined for the measure’s 12 items in a sample of 1,673 university students. The results revealed a two-factor solution for the measure (Factor 1: Transformation Fears; Factor 2: Somatic Checking) and preliminary evidence of validity and reliability. In Study 2, the measure was tested with LGBTQ and heterosexual community samples and clinical samples of individuals with SO-OCD and other types of OCD. The two-factor solution and evidence of validity and reliability were supported in these samples. Cut-off points were established to distinguish between community members and SO-OCD sufferers, as well as between those experiencing SO-OCD and other types of OCD. Limitations and future directions are discussed.     

The Power of Being Positive: The Relation Between Positive Self-Concept and job Performance

Most managers would probably agree that positivity is something they value in employees, yet selection research has virtually ignored the relation between employee positivity and job performance. This article suggests that a broad personality trait, labeled positive self-concept or core self-evaluations, is a potentially important personality trait in the prediction of job performance. Positive self-concept consists of four specific traits previously studied in isolation: self-esteem, generalized self-ef- ficacy, locus of control, and (low) neuroticism or emotional stability. Data analyzed from 12 samples revealed that these specific traits are strongly correlated and comprise a common factor. Drawing from four motivation theories, we argue that the principal reason positive self-concept is linked to job performance is because positive employees are more motivated to perform theirjobs. We also argue that, in some jobs, positive self-concept may be an ability factor. Finally, we discuss various implemen- tation issues involved in using positive self-concept in selection decisions. Overall, this article suggests that positive self-concept is a trait deserving of more attention in selection research and practice.     

The Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) inventory: psychometric evaluation with adolescent psychiatric inpatient samples

In this study, we evaluated the factor structure of the Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) Inventory (Osman, Gutierrez, Kopper, Barrios, & Chiros, 1998) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The PANSI assesses the frequency of negative risk and protective factors that are related to suicidal behavior. Participants (n = 195) were adolescent psychiatric inpatients, ages 14 to 17 years, in the CFA. Results of the CFA supported the fit for the 2-factor oblique model as the best fitting model. The internal consistency reliability estimates of the 2 subscales, the PANSI-Negative (alpha = .96) and the PANSI-Positive (alpha = .89) were high. Scores on the PANSI scales differentiated between suicide attempters and controls and those at severe risk for suicide and controls. Correlational analyses provide strong support for the concurrent validity of the scales. The results of the logistic regression analyses provide support for the use of this new inventory as a risk measure of suicide-related behaviors: Scores on the PANSI scales (n = 54) also showed satisfactory evidence for test-retest reliability over a 2-week period.