INTEGRATING INTERIORITY IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

This article explores Integral community development; an approach that integrates material needs (such as economic growth, resource management, and decision-making structures) and interior needs (such as cultural, spiritual, and psychological wellness). Including “interiority” in development is unique to conventional and alternative development practices, and analysis suggests it is necessary for sustainability. Integral community development works in three domains of action/application, dialogue/process, and self-growth/reflection, and recognizes the importance of changes in worldviews. Using this approach in a case study in El Salvador, research outcomes showed increased collaboration and self-reflection, where economic objectives merged with equality and environmental concerns.     

INTEGRATING GENDER AND ETHNICITY INTO PSYCHOLOGY COURSES

In this introduction to the special issue on teaching about gender and ethnicity in psychology, we consider the assumptions underlying an inclusive curriculum that pays attention to gender and ethnicity and address why such a curriculum has merit. We review empirical studies, assessing whether existing curricula are inclusive, and present an overview of the articles and the recurrent themes. These themes include the complexity of the interaction between ethnicity and gender; the difficulty of deciding which of the many possible ethnic groups to include in course material; the dominance of evaluative comparison in discussions of differences among groups; the interdisciplinary nature of research on ethnicity; and the tendency in psychology to ignore the importance of the power differences that confound analyses of the effect of ethnicity and gender.     

INTEGRATING EVOLUTION: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE OF CREATION

Abstract. Science has demonstrated that the universe creates itself through its own history. This history is the result of a probabilistic process, not a deterministic execution of a plan. Science has also documented that human beings are a result of this universal, probabilistic process of general evolution. At first sight, these results seem to contradict Christian teaching. According to the Bible, history is essentially the history of salvation. Human beings therefore are not an "accident of nature" but special creations to be saved. With deeper theological probing, it becomes clearer, however, that creation must create itself. The Christian God is the loving God who enters into a loving relationship with human beings if they desire to reciprocate. If creation could not create itself, human beings could not be free. Without freedom to ignore or reject God's love, the central act of the Christian God, the drama of salvation, would become a parody played by marionettes in the hands of a supernatural manipulator. Christians should welcome the fundamental insight brought forth by science that the universe, including human beings, created itself through its own history. This article will try to show that this scientific insistence is required and confirmed by the intrinsic character of the orthodox, Judeo-Christian concept of God. That nature has to create itself, including human beings, secures human freedom and with it, the responsibility for human actions. From this perspective one might better understand the Bible in the light of God's revelation through the book of nature.     

CULTURE AND COGNITIVE PROBLEMS

Culture et problèms cognitifs. — L'A. étudie les effets du niveau culturel et des processus d'acculturation sur deux aspects du fonctionnement cognitif: L'exploration d'une configuration perceptive et L'élaboration des informations. Pour rendre compte du premier, ont été retenus les résultats d'une recherche faite sur des populations primitives de L'Amazonie soumises au test de Roschach: L'augmentation du pourcentage des réponses Dd., chez les sujets “acculturés” par rapport à ceux qui ne le sont pas, indique qu'il y a passage d'une phase de réponses globales et stéréotypées à une phase d'analyse détaillée bien qu'encore primitive. En second lieu, L'élaboration des informations drées de L'exploration d'une configuration perceptive a été étudiée relativement aux points suivants: causalité physique, notions de conservation, intégration de variables antagonistes et opération de combinaison. Les résultats montrent qu'un milieu socio-culturel sous-développé ou un niveau d'instruction nul ou insuffisant, ou encore un milieu de travail peu “acculturé” peuvent faire obstacle au développement d'un processus de pensée apte á considérer plusieurs variables, même antagonistes, à la fois, et à les intégrer dans une fonction unique, par un réseau de relations multiplicatives. En général, la seule maturation biologique ne permet pas d'atteindre complètement ce type de pensée. Le raisonnement des sujets adultes qui viennent d'un milieu sous-développé fluctue entre schème notionnel et schème figuratif; il se rapproche de L'un ou de L'autre selon le degré de pression qu'exercent les éléments perceptifs. C'est pourquoi on évoque ici L'utilité, limitée a la résolution d'un problème, que pourrait avoir le fait de dormer aux sujets des instruments mécaniques de “servo-pensée”. Les résultats de ces études semblent enfin montrer que certains retards dans le développement intellectuel peuvent être rattrapés lorsqu'on place les sujets dans un milieu plus favorable.     

组织文化、组织文化吻合度与员工的组织公民行为

以中国普通员工为被试,考察了组织文化、组织文化吻合度与员工组织公民行为(OCB)之间的关系.结果发现: (1)不同年龄、不同类型企业员工的OCB存在显著差异,但在性别、教育水平方面没有差异; (2)不同取向的组织文化对员工不同层面的OCB具有不同的预测作用.具体而言.组织文化对社会层面OCB的预测作用较强;就单一取向的组织文化来看,人本与创新取向的组织文化对OCB的预测作用最强; (3)在组织文化影响员工组织公民行为时,组织文化吻合度具有一定的调节作用,这种调节作用在人本与创新取向以及规范与安定取向的组织文化影响OCB时表现更加明显.     

CULTURE AND COGNITIVE GROWTH1

Culture et progrès cognitif. — L'article est consacré à la relation entre différences culturelles et progrés cognitif. Aprés avoir passé en revue et critiqué les tentatives antérieures d'approche anthropologique et psychologique du problème, les AA. étudient deux foyers de variations culturelles, à savoir L'orientation des valeurs et le langage, dans leur rapport avec le développement. Une grande partie des faits sur lesquels ils s'appuient provient de recherches expérimentales sur la conservation de la quantité et la formation des concepts chez les Wolofs du Sénégal. Ils discutent, en terminant, de L'interaction des contraintes culturelles qui sont variables et de la maturation biologique qui est universelle.     

GENES, MIND AND CULTURE

Abstract. The 1981 book Genes, Mind and Culture by Edward O. Wilson and Charles J. Lumsden attempts to offer a comprehensive theory of the linkage between biological and cultural evolution. In the following 21 May 1982 radio broadcast, produced by Julian Brown under the auspices of the British Broadcasting Corporation, Wilson is joined by a philosopher, a geneticist, and a religion scholar in a discussion of "gene culture co-evolution" and of other issues raised by sociobiology. The discussion is introduced and chaired by the editor of Nature , John Maddox.     

A METHOD FOR INTEGRATING AN AUTISTIC CHILD INTO A NORMAL PUBLIC-SCHOOL CLASSROOM1

This study investigated the feasibility of using behavioral techniques to integrate an autistic child into a normal public-school class with one teacher and 20 to 30 normal children. The results showed: (1) that during treatment by a therapist in the classroom, the child's appropriate verbal and social behaviors increased, and autistic mannerisms decreased; and (2) training teachers in behavioral techniques was apparently sufficient to maintain the child's appropriate school behaviors throughout kindergarten and the first grade.     

AN AMERICAN NATURALIST ACCOUNT OF CULTURE

The basic tenets of “classical” naturalism (exemplified in the work of Mead, Buchler, and Randall, among others) are delineated and distinguished from other versions of naturalism. Classical naturalism is also distinguished from reductive materialism and idealism. Nature is asserted to be indefinitely plural and not amenable to monistic or dualistic categorial schemes; that is, the principle of “ontological parity” is maintained. The method of inquiry of naturalism is outlined, along with the notion of truth as perspectivally objective. The metaphysical hypotheses are then used to examine culture. Culture is found to be the specific environment of human being, arising out of, but irreducible to, other natural processes. Culture is described as the cumulative gestures of the human social organism as it discovers and creates itself in mutual constitution with other natural processes and products.     

HOW CULTURE MADE US UNIQUELY HUMAN

This article argues that understanding human uniqueness requires recognizing that we are a cultural species whose evolution has been driven by the interaction among genes and culture for over a million years. Here, I review the basic argument, incorporate recent findings, and highlight ongoing efforts to apply this approach to more deeply understand both the universal aspects of our cognition as well as the variation across societies. This article will cover (1) the origins and evolution of our capacities for culture, (2) examples of specialized mental abilities such as those related to mechanical causality, prestige, and cooperation, and (3) recent efforts to apprehend our capacities for abstraction. I close by discussing common canards that generate confusion in mapping what makes us human.     

GENDER-ROLE PERSONALITY TRAITS IN JAPANESE CULTURE

The etic (universal) aspect of gender-role personality traits was examined in Japanese culture. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974, 1977) was validated for the Japanese culture and modified for this study. An investigation of the personality traits among 1,227 college students using the Japanese BSRI indicated that male students scored significantly higher on the Masculine scale than the female students, whereas they did not differ from each other on the Feminine scale. It was also found that both female and male students scored significantly higher on the Femininity than on the Masculinity scale.     

ECOLOGY,CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION

A model which examined interrelationships among ecological setting, cultural adaptation and psychological differentiation was proposed. Details of each element of the model were discussed, and behavioural predictions were made. Specifically, hunters and gatherers, who were migratory and low in population density and food accumulation were expected to exhibit high levels of psychological differentiation in perceptual, social and affective areas of psychological differentiation. Conversely, sedentary peoples who were higher in population density and food accumulation were expected to exhibit lower levels of differentiation, while those peoples who were ecologically intermediate were expected to exhibit moderate levels. Sampling in Amerindian communities, and comparing these new data to previous African, Australian, and Eskimo data, led to the conclusion that higher levels of differentiation in perceptual, social and affective domains do indeed characterize hunters and gatherers. However, such differences within a single culture area were minimal. An examination of the cross-cultural stability of the concept of psychological differentiation suggested greatest internal consistency for hunters and gatherers, and less for sedentary peoples; constant relationships with socialization emphases were found, while variations in sex differences were related to features of socio-cultural stratification.     

SUBJECTIVE CULTURE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT1

L'examen critique de la littérature traitant du développement économique, de ses causes et conséquences, des variables psychologiques qui l'induisent ou le favorisent, fait apparaître la modernisation comme un phénomène complexe dont la mesure se révèle malaisée. On peut certes identifier une dimension psychologique universelle, cognitive et motivationnelle — le modernisme — qu'il est possible de mesurer au moyen d'une échelle appropriée. Mais se limiter à ce point de vue conduirait immanquablement à méconnaître la complexification imposée à cet état psychologique par la culture, le milieu, etc. c'est pourquoi, des mesures de variables composant la culture subjective peuvent fournir des indices supplémentaires, susceptibles d'éclairer le ou les processus de modernisation et de clarifier les relations entre ce phénomène, les facteurs qui le conditionnent et les conséquences qu'il entraîne. On voit dès lors l'intérêt que présente ce type d'analyse pour des problèmes tels que celui de la planification optimale de la vitesse de modernisation ou encore celui des relations entre modernisation et hygiène mentale.