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1.
Susana C. Marques Shane J. Lopez J. L. Pais-Ribeiro 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2011,12(1):139-152
The authors investigated the effectiveness of a 5-week hope-based intervention designed to enhance hope, life satisfaction,
self-worth, mental health and academic achievement in middle school students. The study includes a sample of 31 students from
a community school, a matched comparison group of 31 students, and 2 secondary groups—guardians and teachers of the students’
intervention group. Students completed a questionnaire packet that included demographic information, the Portuguese versions
of the Children’s Hope Scale, Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale, Mental Health and Self-Worth Scales. Academic achievement
was obtained from school records. At baseline, groups are statistically similar on the variables of interest. At post-test
the intervention group had enhanced hope, life satisfaction and self-worth. In the intervention group, benefits in hope, life
satisfaction and self-worth were maintained at the 18-month follow up. Results suggest that a brief hope intervention can
increase psychological strengths, and participants continue to benefit up to 1-year and 6-months later. 相似文献
2.
Yael Fisher 《Social Psychology of Education》2011,14(1):93-117
The main purpose of this longitudinal study was to conceptualize the self-efficacy of aspiring principals as a dynamic concept.
This study aimed to explore the structure and relations between the components of self-efficacy and to determine the nature
and direction of change in the perceived self-efficacy of aspiring principals following a 2-year training program. The study
was based on Facet Theory (Gutman, Psychmetrika 33:469–506, 1968), but also included some traditional statistics. The present
study was carried out in two stages during 2005–2007. One-hundred and fifty aspiring principals from five academic colleges
and universities in Israel who participated in a 2-year training program completed the same self-efficacy questionnaire during
the first month of the program (October 2005—stage 1 and during the last month of the program (May 2007—stage 2). The nature
as well as the direction of the aspiring principals’ perceived self-efficacy changed following the 2-year training program.
The perception of the nature of the principal’s role remained unchanged. 相似文献
3.
This cross-sectional study, involving conveniently chosen respondents in the Klang Valley area, was designed to answer the
question “Can EQ-5D be used as a QOL instrument in the National Health Morbidity Survey in Malaysia?”. The chosen versions
(Malay, Tamil, and Mandarin) of the translated EQ-5D were tested for their reliability and validity. After a written consent
was obtained from each respondent, a standardized questionnaire for self-completion was given. It took an average of 10–15 min
to complete the questionnaire. Each respondent who returned the completed questionnaire was approached again with an identical
copy of the questionnaire to assess the test-retest reliability after a 2-week interval. Reliability was assessed by analyzing
the study instrument’s test-retest reliability, while a predictive validity was used to investigate the predictive strength
of a composite index of the five factors of EQ-5D (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression)
on the overall perceived health (EQ VAS). An intraclass correlation (ICC), generated based on a single rate using the one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model, was used to evaluate the test-retest reliability (Streiner and Norman 1995), while spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to quantify the predictive strength of a composite index of the five
factors of EQ-5D on the overall perceived health (EQ VAS) (Elmes et al. 2006). It was surprising to note 1–2 folds increase in the reported cases for pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression, the same
trend was observed across different versions of EQ-5D. The ICC values were found to be in the range of <0.01 to 0.92, while
0.61–0.86 were the range for the spearman rank correlation coefficient value. The findings in this study demonstrated the
EQ-5D questionnaires translated by the EuroQOL Group had reasonable test-retest reliability and predictive validity results.
With these results, it is hoped that these instruments will be incorporated into future National Health Morbidity Survey in
Malaysia. 相似文献
4.
William A. Nelson George A. Clum 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2002,24(1):47-54
The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of a Panic Attack Frequency Calendar (PAFC), modeled after a time-line follow-back (TLFB) procedure (e.g., Sobell & Sobell, 1979). The latter has been used for years to reliably and validly assess daily alcohol use through self-report over extended periods of time. Seventy-four adult individuals (ages 18–57) who had experienced a panic attack within the past 2 weeks completed a battery of self-report questionnaires, including retrospective frequency measures, and were administered an 8-week PAFC initially and a 10-week PAFC 2 weeks later. Half the participants self-monitored their panic attacks in a diary. The PAFC showed high stability over 2 weeks across several panic behavior variables. The PAFC was also shown to be a valid instrument in assessing panic frequency when compared with panic data obtained from the diary and the retrospective frequency measure. 相似文献
5.
Ian Kidd 《Philosophia》2012,40(2):365-377
This paper explores the influence of the fifth-century Christian Neoplatonist Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (Denys) on the
twentieth-century philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend. I argue that the later Feyerabend took from Denys a metaphysical
claim—the ‘doctrine of ineffability’—intended to support epistemic pluralism. The paper has five parts. Part one introduces
Denys and Feyerabend’s common epistemological concern to deny the possibility of human knowledge of ultimate reality. Part
two examines Denys’ arguments for the ‘ineffability’ of God as presented in On the Divine Names. Part three then explores how Feyerabend imported Denys’ account of divine ineffability into his own metaphysics to provide
a novel argument for epistemic pluralism. Part four explains the significance of an appreciation of Dionyius’ influence for
our understanding of Feyerabend. I conclude that Denys was a significant and neglected influence upon the later Feyerabend. 相似文献
6.
John A. Schuster 《Synthese》2012,185(3):467-499
One of the chief concerns of the young Descartes was with what he, and others, termed “physico-mathematics”. This signalled
a questioning of the Scholastic Aristotelian view of the mixed mathematical sciences as subordinate to natural philosophy,
non explanatory, and merely instrumental. Somehow, the mixed mathematical disciplines were now to become intimately related
to natural philosophical issues of matter and cause. That is, they were to become more ’physicalised’, more closely intertwined
with natural philosophising, regardless of which species of natural philosophy one advocated. A curious, short-lived yet portentous
epistemological conceit lay at the core of Descartes’ physico-mathematics—the belief that solid geometrical results in the
mixed mathematical sciences literally offered windows into the realm of natural philosophical causation—that in such cases
one could literally “see the causes”. Optics took pride of place within Descartes’ physico-mathematics project, because he
believed it offered unique possibilities for the successful vision of causes. This paper traces Descartes’ early physico-mathematical
program in optics, its origins, pitfalls and its successes, which were crucial in providing Descartes resources for his later
work in systematic natural philosophy. It explores how Descartes exploited his discovery of the law of refraction of light—an
achievement well within the bounds of traditional mixed mathematical optics—in order to derive—in the manner of physico-mathematics—causal
knowledge about light, and indeed insight about the principles of a “dynamics” that would provide the laws of corpuscular
motion and tendency to motion in his natural philosophical system. 相似文献
7.
Guillermo E. Rosado Haddock 《Axiomathes》2012,22(1):171-193
This paper discusses Husserl’s views on physical theories in the first volume of his Logical Investigations, and compares them with those of his contemporaries Pierre Duhem and Henri Poincaré. Poincaré’s views serve as a bridge to
a discussion of Husserl’s almost unknown views on physical geometry from about 1890 on, which in comparison even with Poincaré’s—not
to say Frege’s—or almost any other philosopher of his time, represented a rupture with the philosophical tradition and were
much more in tune with the physical geometry underlying the Einstein-Hilbert general theory of relativity developed more than
two decades later. 相似文献
8.
Research in the context of the mood-behavior-model (Gendolla in Rev Gen Psychol 4:348–408, 2000) has shown that moods can have an impact on effort mobilization due to congruency effects on demand appraisals. However,
the mood research literature suggests that mood may also influence effort mobilization by its impact on appraisals of the
instrumentality of success. In a single factor (mood valence: negative vs. neutral vs. positive) between-persons design, participants
performed a memory task under conditions of unclear task difficulty. By successfully performing the task, participants could
earn the chance to win a monetary reward. As predicted for tasks with unclear difficulty, effort mobilization—assessed as
cardiovascular reactivity—increased from negative to positive mood. This effect was mediated by the subjective probability
of winning the monetary reward for successful performance. These results demonstrate for the first time that mood can influence
effort mobilization via the estimated instrumentality of success. 相似文献
9.
Bar-Hillel and Budescu (1995) failed to find a desirability bias in probability estimation. The World Cup soccer tournament
provided an opportunity to revisit the phenomenon in a context in which desirability biases are notoriously rampant. Participants
estimated the probabilities of various teams’ winning their upcoming games. They were promised money if one team—randomly
designated by the experimenter—won its upcoming game. Participants assigned a higher probability to a victory by their target
team than did other participants, whose promised monetary reward was contingent on the victory of its opponent. Prima facie,
this seems to be a desirability bias. However, in a follow-up study that made one team salient, without promising monetary
rewards, participants also judged their target team to be more likely to win. On grounds of parsimony, we conclude that what
appears to be a desirability bias may just be a salience/marking effect, and—although optimism is a robust and ubiquitous
human phenomenon—that wishful thinking still remains elusive. 相似文献
10.
Richard Tieszen 《Axiomathes》2012,22(1):31-52
In 1928 Edmund Husserl wrote that “The ideal of the future is essentially that of phenomenologically based (“philosophical”)
sciences, in unitary relation to an absolute theory of monads” (“Phenomenology”, Encyclopedia Britannica draft) There are references to phenomenological monadology in various writings of Husserl. Kurt G?del began to study Husserl’s
work in 1959. On the basis of his later discussions with G?del, Hao Wang tells us that “G?del’s own main aim in philosophy
was to develop metaphysics—specifically, something like the monadology of Leibniz transformed into exact theory—with the help
of phenomenology.” (A Logical Journey: From G?del to Philosophy, p. 166) In the Cartesian Meditations and other works Husserl identifies ‘monads’ (in his sense) with ‘transcendental egos in their full concreteness’. In this
paper I explore some prospects for a G?delian monadology that result from this identification, with reference to texts of
G?del and to aspects of Leibniz’s original monadology. 相似文献
11.
Analysis of the postural stability impairments in neurodegenerative diseases is a very demanding task. Age-related declines in posturographic indices are usually superimposed on effects associated with the pathology and its treatment. We present the results of a novel postural sway ratio (SR) analysis in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and age-matched healthy subjects. The sway ratios have been assessed based upon center of foot-pressure (CP) signals recorded in 55 parkinsonians (Hoehn and Yahr: 1-3) and 55 age-matched healthy volunteers while standing quiet with eyes open (EO) and then with eyes closed (EC). Complementing classical sway measure abnormalities, the SR exhibited a high discriminative power for all controlled factors: pathology, vision, and direction of sway. Both the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral (ML) sway ratios were significantly increased in PD patients when compared to the control group. An additional SR increase was observed in the response to eyes closure. The sway ratio changes documented here can be attributed to a progressive decline of a postural stability control due to pathology. In fact, a significant correlation between the mediolateral SR under EO conditions and Motor Exam (section III) score of the UPDRS was found. The mediolateral sway ratios computed for EO and EC conditions significantly correlated with the CP path length (r = .87) and the mean anteroposterior CP position within the base of support (r = .38). Both indices reflect postural stability decline and fall tendency # in parkinsonians. The tremor-type PD patients (N = 34) showed more pronounced relationships between the mediolateral SR and selected items from the UPDRS scale, including: falls (Kendall Tau = .47, p < .05), rigidity (.45, p < .05), postural stability (retropulsion) (.52), and the Motor Exam score (.73). The anteroposterior SR correlated only with tremor (Kendal Tau = .77, p < .05). It seems that in force plate posturography the SR can be recommended as a single reliable measure that allows for a better quantitative assessment of postural stability impairments. 相似文献
12.
The present work aims to investigate the relation between appraisals, emotions, and emotion regulation strategies by creating
a structural equation model which integrates these three aspects of the emotion process. To reach this aim, Italian students
(N = 610) confronted with their high school diploma examination completed a questionnaire 3 weeks before the beginning of the
exam. Results showed that they experienced primarily three types of emotions—anxiety/fear, frustration/powerlessness, positive
emotions—which were related to specific appraisal profiles. Importantly, these appraisal profiles and emotions were associated
with the use of different strategies for regulating emotions: anxiety/fear was associated with focusing on the exam, drug
use, and an inability to distance oneself from the exam; frustration/powerlessness, with use of suppression, distancing, and
drugs; positive emotion, with reappraisal and problem focused strategies. The effectiveness of these different strategies
will be discussed. 相似文献
13.
Leena K. Augimeri David P. Farrington Christopher J. Koegl David M. Day 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(6):799-807
We examined the immediate, short- and long-term effectiveness of the SNAP™ Under 12 Outreach Project (ORP)—a community-based
program for children under the age of 12 at risk of having police contact. Sixteen pairs of children were matched on age,
sex and severity of delinquency at admission, and randomly assigned to the ORP or to a control group which received less intensive
treatment. Level of antisocial behavior was assessed pre and post intervention (immediate effects) and at three follow-up
periods (up to 15 months post treatment) to investigate maintenance of possible treatment effects. A search of criminal records
was also performed to assess long term effects. Results indicated that ORP children decreased significantly more than controls
on the Delinquency and Aggression subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist pre- to post-intervention, and these effects were
maintained over time. For statistically significant differences, effect sizes were large (.79 to 1.19). Fewer ORP children
(31%) had criminal records at follow-up compared to controls (57%), although this difference was not statistically significant.
Overall, the ORP appears to be an effective cognitive-behavioral program for antisocial children in the short term, with possible
effects that extend into adolescence and adulthood. 相似文献
14.
Research has found that nicotine-dependent individuals delay discount monetary gains at a higher rate than matched controls. Delay discount rates, however, have also been found to vary across within-subject variables such as the magnitude of the outcome (e.g., 10 dollars or 1,000 dollars), whether the outcome constitutes a gain or a loss, and the commodity being evaluated (e.g., money or health). The present study comprehensively investigated the differences in delay discounting between current and never-before cigarette smokers and across these within-subject variables. Both groups exhibited a magnitude, sign, and commodity effect. Current smokers' delay discount rates for monetary outcomes, however, were higher than never-before smokers across all magnitudes and both signs. This trend was also found for delayed health outcomes, but failed to reach significance. 相似文献
15.
Karen Bennett 《Philosophical Studies》2011,154(1):79-104
A variety of relations widely invoked by philosophers—composition, constitution, realization, micro-basing, emergence, and
many others—are species of what I call ‘building relations’. I argue that they are conceptually intertwined, articulate what
it takes for a relation to count as a building relation, and argue that—contra appearances—it is an open possibility that
these relations are all determinates of a common determinable, or even that there is really only one building relation. 相似文献
16.
Since Long QT syndrome and Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are inherited cardiac disorders that may cause syncope, palpitations,
serious arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death, at-risk individuals may experience heart-focused anxiety. In a prospective
multi-site study, 126 Norwegian patients attending genetic counseling were followed 1 year with multiple administration of
questionnaires, including the Cardiac Anxiety Questionnaire, measuring three distinct symptoms of heart-focused anxiety- avoidance, attention, and fear—in mixed linear analyses. Overall, at 1-year follow-up, patients with clinical diagnosis as compared to patients at genetic
risk had significantly higher scores of avoidance (p < .002), attention (p < .005), and fear (p < .007). Sudden cardiac death in close relatives, uncertainty whether other relatives previously had undergone genetic testing,
patients’ perceived general health, self-efficacy expectations and procedural satisfaction with genetic counseling were influential
in predicting the different symptoms of heart-focused anxiety over time. 相似文献
17.
18.
Despite considerable research on the Deese—Roediger-McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm, little attention has been paid to the reliability of the paradigm as a measure of individual differences. In the present research, we examined the reliability of the DRM paradigm in a 2-week test-retest design. This analysis showed that the false memories produced in the paradigm were quite stable across the 2-week period and that this stability had both global (cross-list) and list-specific components. In contrast, correct memories showed only global stability across the testing period. 相似文献
19.
Hsee CK 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》1999,6(4):555-561
In this research, it is proposed that, when making a choice between consumption goods, people do not just think about which option will deliver the highest consumption utility but also think about which choice is most consistent with rationales—beliefs about how they should make decisions. The present article examines a specific rationale, value seeking. The value-seeking rationale refers to the belief that one should choose the option in a choice set that has the highest monetary value. Studies 1 and 2 show that value seeking could lead to a prediction-decision inconsistency, predicting a high consumption utility from one option but choosing another option. Study 3 shows that the prediction-decision inconsistency could be created even by “illusory” (as opposed to truly monetary) values and that the inconsistency could be turned on or off through empirical manipulation. 相似文献
20.
Chad?Ebesutani Adam?Bernstein Brad?J.?Nakamura Bruce?F.?Chorpita John?R.?Weisz The Research Network on Youth Mental Health 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2010,38(2):249-260
The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale—Parent Version (RCADS-P) is a 47-item parent-report questionnaire of youth
anxiety and depression, with scales corresponding to the DSM-IV categories of Separation Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia,
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The
RCADS-P is currently the only parent-report questionnaire that concurrently assesses youth symptomatology of individual anxiety
disorders as well as depression in accordance with DSM-IV nosology. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the RCADS-P in a large (N = 490), clinic-referred sample of youths. The RCADS-P demonstrated favorable psychometric properties, including high internal
consistency, convergent/divergent validity, as well as strong discriminant validity—evidencing an ability to discriminate
between anxiety and depressive disorders, as well as between the targeted anxiety disorders. Support for the DSM-related six-factor
RCADS-P structure was also evidenced. This structure demonstrated superior fit to a recently suggested alternative to the
DSM-IV classification of anxiety and affective disorders—namely, the MDD/GAD “distress” factor. 相似文献