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注意瞬脱现象及其理论解释 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
注意瞬脱(attention blink,简称AB)现象是近年来注意研究的一个新聚焦点。文章简要介绍其发现过程,各国学者对其影响因素的初步探索,五种主要的理论解释和研究注意瞬脱现象的意义,并展望其研究之未来。 相似文献
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信息过少容易使人成为井底之蛙, 不利于做出高质量的决策; 那拥有更多信息是否就能做出更高质量、有远见的决策呢?已有研究发现海量信息导致注意资源稀缺, 注意资源对跨期决策至关重要, 但海量信息如何影响跨期决策的内在机制尚不明确。本研究基于注意资源的理论视角提出:海量信息加剧注意资源的稀缺, 一方面当前信息捕获过多注意资源, 导致指向未来的注意资源减少, 造成模拟未来不清晰、预测未来不准确, 意图形成减少; 另一方面增加对时间紧迫性的关注, 减少为长远未来做计划的意愿, 导致在跨期权衡中更偏好近期选项。长期导向的特质可以使个体将注意聚焦于长远收益, 做出更有远见的决策。研究结果将科学地解释海量信息影响跨期决策的内在机制, 并为进一步探讨助推海量信息环境下有远见的跨期决策提供理论与实证依据。 相似文献
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双任务交互作用模型认为探测任务知觉负荷对注意促进效应(the attentional boost effect,ABE)不存在影响。基于对这一观点的质疑,本研究以场景图片为实验材料,结合学习-测验经典范式和目标探测任务,实验一探讨高、低知觉负荷探测任务对ABE的影响;实验二验证探测任务知觉负荷对ABE的影响是否受探测目标与非目标相似性调节,进一步验证双任务交互作用模型的观点。结果发现,低知觉负荷探测任务中存在ABE,但高知觉负荷探测任务中却不存在;探测目标与非目标不相似条件下的高知觉负荷探测任务中不存在ABE,但相似条件下的高知觉负荷探测任务中依然存在。由此可见,探测任务知觉负荷对ABE存在影响,且这一影响受探测目标与非目标相似性调节,双任务交互作用模型的观点不合理。 相似文献
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注意瞬脱(attention blink, 简称AB)现象是近年来注意研究的一个新聚焦点。文章简要介绍其发现过程,各国学者对其影响因素的初步探索,五种主要的理论解释和研究注意瞬脱现象的意义,并展望其研究之未来。( 相似文献
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Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Randall W. Engle 《Current directions in psychological science》2002,11(1):19-23
Performance on measures of working memory (WM) capacity predicts performance on a wide range of real-world cognitive tasks. I review the idea that WM capacity (a) is separable from short-term memory, (b) is an important component of general fluid intelligence, and (c) represents a domain-free limitation in ability to control attention. Studies show that individual differences in WM capacity are reflected in performance on antisaccade, Stroop, and dichotic-listening tasks. WM capacity, or executive attention, is most important under conditions in which interference leads to retrieval of response tendencies that conflict with the current task. 相似文献
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连续和同时线索化条件下的返回抑制容量 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
利用线索-靶子模式进行了返回抑制容量的两个实验。实验一对外周数个位置连续线索化,实验二对外周数个位置同时线索化。结果表明:(1)在连续线索化条件下,当线索化位置是相邻时,返回抑制容量可以达到4个,当线索化位置是间隔时,返回抑制容量只有1个。(2)在同时线索化条件下.当线索化位置是相邻时,返回抑制容量可以达到3个,当线索化位置是间隔时.返回抑制容量只有1个。结果支持认为存在着两种不同的返回抑制的观点,即一种是弥散性的,其容量较大;另一种是集中性的,其容量只有一个。 相似文献
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We examined selective attention to threat stimuli as a function of individual differences in adult attachment. Participants completed a dot-probe task in which a general threat word, attachment-related threat word, general positive or attachment-related positive word was presented together with a neutral word. Results showed that attachment anxiety and avoidance were associated with an attentional bias away from attachment threat words. This attentional avoidance effect was best predicted by the interaction between attachment anxiety and avoidance and not by their unique main effects. The findings are discussed in terms of attachment theory and its relation to attentional biases observed in psychopathology. 相似文献
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相对传统的纸笔测验形式,表现性测验的突出特点是任务的真实性水平较高。表现性测验是一种认知导向的测验。在国外教育、医学、心理咨询与治疗等领域的能力评价中,一系列表现性测验已被开发出来并用于实践,获得了较好的心理测量学指标。表现性测验可用于国内学生、教师的能力评价,辅助人才选拔以及相关职业资格认证的实践。表现性测验开发过程中若合理应用概化理论、项目反应理论等现代测量理论,对于提高测验信度和效度都有一定积极意义。 相似文献
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视觉选择的过程包含两种途径:眼跳行动和注意转移,两者对于视觉选择目标物的加工都有促进作用。鉴于此,视觉研究领域产生大量关于二者关联如何的实验研究,大部分研究者认为眼跳和注意转移存在密切联系。该文将关于两者关系的重要理论进行了综合阐述和简要比较,主要介绍五种理论假说:眼动准备假说、动前假说、顺序注意模型、视觉注意模型和竞争整合模型。 相似文献
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《The Journal of social psychology》2012,152(1):62-79
ABSTRACT This study tested aspects of the Reserve Capacity Model (Gallo & Matthews, 2003; Gallo, Penedo Espinosa de los Monteros, & Arguelles, 2009) as a means of understanding disparities in health-related quality of life appraisals among Hispanic Americans. Questionnaire data were collected from 236 Hispanic participants, including measures of perceived discrimination, optimism, social support, symptoms of trait anxiety, and physical and mental health-related quality of life. Path analysis indicated direct, negative associations between perceived discrimination and both forms of health-related quality of life. Results also showed that these relationships were partially mediated by the reserve capacity variable of optimism and by symptoms of anxiety, though evidence for mediation by anxiety was stronger than for optimism. Findings suggest that perceived discrimination depletes intrapersonal reserves in Hispanic Americans, which, in turn, induces negative emotions. Implications for community-level interventions are discussed. 相似文献
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Giora Keinan Nehemia Friedland Daniel Kahneman Dan Roth 《Anxiety, stress, and coping》2013,26(4):455-476
Abstract Evidence exists that the intention to perform certain cognitive tasks activates, unintentionally, competing responses and computations that intrude on the performance of the intended tasks. For the intended task to be performed effectively, such intrusions must be controlled. Two experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that stress heightens the difficulty of exercising effective control over erroneous competing responses, a possible explanation of decrements in the performance of cognitive tasks under stress. Participants performed four tasks, which contained features that could potentially prime or activate erroneous responses. The results demonstrated that the interference of these features with performance was more pronounced among stressed than among less-stressed participants. The need for a more comprehensive theory of the effects of stress on information processing is discussed. 相似文献