错误再认:意识、注意和刺激特性

该研究基于错误再认现象,确立了意识知觉和无意识知觉在行为结果上的质的差异。在决定一个刺激是被有意识知觉还是无意识知觉时,刺激特性和注意之间存在着相互补偿的作用。实验一表明,当一个刺激短暂呈现而被无意识知觉的时候,增强刺激特性或提高注意水平都能使它的知觉变为有意识的;相对应地,实验二表明,一个处于分散注意条件下被无意识知觉的刺激,也可以通过使注意集中或增强刺激特性而使它的知觉变为有意识的。该研究对意识、注意和刺激特性三者间的关系进行了讨论。     

面孔-词Stroop范式中的情绪冲突效应研究

为探究面孔-词Stroop范式中的情绪冲突效应,本实验给被试呈现两种时长（150ms或1500ms）的刺激,令其分别完成对面孔-词Stroop范式中的“面孔任务”和“词任务”。结果发现：只有“面孔任务”中出现Stroop效应,产生情绪冲突,而在“词任务”中未出现Stroop效应;当呈现时间为150ms时,情绪词影响情绪面孔加工从而引发个体的情绪冲突,出现Stroop效应;当呈现时间为1500ms时,“面孔任务”中的Stroop效应消失。这提示了呈现时间是影响面孔-词Stroop范式中情绪冲突效应的一个重要因素。     

意识和无意识知觉:注意和刺激特性间的相互补偿

该研究基于Exclusion任务,利用质的差异的研究范式,不仅确立了意识和无意识知觉在行为结果上的质的差异,而且发现刺激特性和注意在决定知觉意识时存在相互补偿的现象。在实验一中,当靶字短暂呈现时。被试用靶字补笔的比率高于基线水平;而当延长靶字呈现时间或提高对靶字的注意水平时,出现反转现象一用靶字补笔的比率低于基线水平。相对应地,在实验二中,分散注意条件下被试用靶字补笔的比率高于基线水平;而当注意集中或在分散注意条件下延长呈现时间时,出现了反转现象。     

不同提示线索对于Stroop干扰效应的影响

本研究采用线索提示任务探讨了不同提示线索颜色、SOA及提示有效应对于经典Stroop干扰效应的影响。结果发现,线索提示类型及其颜色是否与目标色词一致会对Stroop任务产生显著影响。其中有效提示下出现显著Stroop效应,而无效提示下Stroop效应消失,显示视觉注意空间搜索会影响Stroop效应;线索提示颜色与色词颜色是否一致同样影响Stroop干扰效应,两者不一致时存在显著Stroop效应,而两者一致时Stroop效应消失,表明Stroop效应的发生依赖于色词加工中不同通道间信息的转译。 关键词：Stroop 效应;线索提示任务;转译理论     

SOA对Stroop启动效应的影响:行为和ERP研究

在Stroop启动范式中,启动刺激是灰色的色词,目标刺激是颜色块,被试的任务是命名颜色块的颜色。本研究通过行为实验和事件相关电位(ERP)实验的方法,研究SOA(Stimulus Onset Asynchrony)对Stroop启动效应的影响。当SOA为107ms时,在行为数据(反应时)和ERP数据(N300成分)上均表现出明显的启动效应;当SOA为1040ms时,行为上和ERP上的启动效应消失。该结果提示了在Stroop启动效应中,启动刺激对目标刺激的影响很可能是发生在对目标刺激的知觉加工晚期。     

创伤性分离个体注意加工的Stroop效应

研究采用Stroop色词命名任务。实验主要考察创伤性分离个体注意的加工模式。实验中,高分离个体在标准Stroop任务条件,明显受到Stroop效应的干扰,对创伤性词汇反应时间减慢。实验结果表明,创伤性分离个体的集中注意能力遭到破坏,实验符合创伤的回避加工理论,创伤性分离个体运用分离无意识忽略注意伤害性的刺激,如果无法忽略,则会有意识的回避加工。     

刺激呈现时间对汉字语义加工脑偏侧化的影响

以往关于汉字字词识别脑功能偏侧化的研究发现了左半球优势、右半球优势或者大脑两半球均势三种不同的结果。该研究采用一侧化Stroop范式(刺激分别只呈现于左视野、中央视野或右视野中),通过系统地改变刺激呈现时间以期探讨刺激呈现时间是可以解释这些不一致结果的可能因素之一。结果显示:对于右利手被试,在刺激呈现时间为60 ms时右半球出现了较强的Stroop效应,在刺激呈现200 ms时左右半球的Stroop效应没有表现出差异,在刺激呈现时间较长时左半球表现出较强的Stroop效应。该结果提示,随着刺激呈现时间的延长,语义优势发生了从右半球到左半球的转换。     

Stroop 稀释效应的研究及其理论解释

Stroop稀释效应是指在Stroop效应的色词-色块范式中若增加无关词作为分心刺激,Stroop效应将被大大削弱的现象。文章回顾了Stroop稀释效应的相关研究及理论解释,并对这些理论进行了分析和比较。最后,对未来的研究趋势作了展望。     

语言表征在颜色类别知觉中的作用

采用同时和继时实验任务,探讨语言表征在颜色类别知觉中的作用.实验一刺激同时呈现,被试表现出类别知觉效应,但效应不受语言干扰影响.实验二刺激间隔呈现,被试表现出类别知觉效应,效应在语言干扰时消失.实验三采用继时任务,没有语言干扰,在刺激呈现间隔(SOA)小于300ms时效应不显著,大于等于300ms时效应显著.研究提示类别知觉效应的机制取决于任务要求和被试无意识的认知策略.在同时任务中效应来自知觉过程本身,在继时任务中效应来自语言编码.继时任务中效应量随SOA变化,说明语言表征由上至下地影响知觉加工,类别知觉是一个动态过程.     

社会排斥和目标刺激的情绪交互影响情绪冲突控制

采用Cyberball任务和面孔-词Stroop任务探讨社会排斥和目标刺激的情绪是否交互影响情绪冲突控制。结果显示,社会排斥对情绪冲突控制的影响随着目标刺激情绪的变化而变化。具体表现为,当目标刺激为愤怒面孔时,排斥组被试与接纳组被试在反应时上表现出相似的情绪Stroop效应。然而,当目标刺激为高兴面孔时,排斥组被试比接纳组被试在反应时上表现出更大的情绪Stroop效应。该结果提示,在面孔-词Stroop任务中判断高兴面孔时,社会排斥增强了被试对任务无关消极信息的注意。该发现有助于深入理解社会排斥增加个体罹患情绪障碍风险的原因。     

Intersensory Redundancy Guides the Development of Selective Attention, Perception, and Cognition in Infancy

Abstract— That the senses provide overlapping information for objects and events is no extravagance of nature. This overlap facilitates attention to critical aspects of sensory stimulation, those that are redundantly specified, and attenuates attention to nonredundantly specified stimulus properties. This selective attention is most pronounced in infancy and gives initial advantage to the perceptual processing of, learning of, and memory for stimulus properties that are redundant, or amodal (e.g., synchrony, rhythm, and intensity), at the expense of modality-specific properties (e.g., color, pitch, and timbre) that can be perceived through only one sense. We review evidence supporting this hypothesis and discuss its implications for theories of perceptual, cognitive, and social development.     

注意在时间知觉中的作用及其理论模型

时间知觉是指对刺激的同时性、时间顺序和持续性的认知加工, 表现为时距和时序两个方面。注意机制可以解释实际时间和主观时间之间的差异：注意的增强会延长对时距的估计, 受注意的刺激会被知觉为提早出现。相关的注意理论模型有AGM模型, 系统仿真模型和AUM模型。未来需关注神经科学方面的证据, 进一步推动时间知觉脑机制和跨通道信息整合的研究。     

The Stroop effect at 80: The competition between stimulus control and cognitive control

For more than 80 years, researchers have examined the interference between automatic processing of stimuli, such as the meaning of color words, on performance of a controlled‐processing task such as naming the color in which words are printed. The Stroop effect and its many variations provide an ideal test platform for examining the competition between stimulus control and cognitive control of attention, as reflected in behavior. The two experiments reported here show that rhesus monkeys, like human adults, show interference from incongruous stimulus conditions in a number‐Stroop task, and that the monkeys may be particularly susceptible to influence from response strength and less able, relative to human adults, of using executive attention to minimize this interference.     

Independent, synchronous access to color and motion features

We investigated the role of attention in pairing superimposed visual features. When moving dots alternate in color and in motion direction, reports of the perceived color and motion reveal an asynchrony: the most accurate reports occur when the motion change precedes the associated color change by approximately 100ms [Moutoussis, K., & Zeki, S. (1997). A direct demonstration of perceptual asynchrony in vision. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 264, 393-399]. This feature binding asynchrony was probed by manipulating endogenous and exogenous attention. First, endogenous attention was manipulated by changing which feature dimension observers were instructed to attend to first. This yielded little effect on the asynchrony. Second, exogenous attention was manipulated by briefly presenting a ring around the target, cueing the report of the color and motion seen within the ring. This reduced or eliminated the apparent latency difference between color and motion. Accuracy was best predicted by timing of each feature relative to the cue rather than the timing of the two features relative to each other, suggesting independent attentional access to the two features with an exogenous attention cue. The timing of attentional cueing affected feature pairing reports as much as the timing of the features themselves.     

工作记忆的存储时间及目标时距对时间知觉的影响

本研究操作记忆信息与计时开始之间的时间间隔（ISI）和目标时距,探讨工作记忆影响时间判断的灵活性。被试首先记忆一个客体,然后在每个trial的最后判断测试刺激是否与记忆项相同;在延迟阶段,被试完成时间判断任务,即判断相继出现的两个刺激的时距哪个更长（或更短）。时间任务中的一个刺激与记忆内容完全相同,相应的另一个刺激与记忆内容在形状和颜色上都不同。重复条件下,被试忽略第一个刺激,仅完成时间判断任务。结果发现,时间间隔（ISI）短时,记忆匹配条件下的准确率更高,匹配刺激延长了知觉的时间;但随着时间间隔的增加,工作记忆匹配对时间判断的影响降低甚至消失。并且,长或短ISI,记忆任务或重复条件下,目标时距长时,记忆匹配反而缩短了知觉的时间。研究说明工作记忆对时间判断的影响是灵活的,受到注意或工作记忆等高级认知系统的调控。     

颜色字词的识别真的无需注意力资源的参与?——来自Stroop范式的证据

3个实验采用颜色词、颜色词同音词以及颜色语义联想词作为启动词,使启动词的语义和颜色实现时空分离、启动词处于非空间注意焦点位置、降低启动词可视度的情境下,考察具有自动化加工特征的启动词是否受到注意力资源的制约以及启动词在获得不同数量的注意力资源时其自动化程度是否存在显著的差异。结果发现:(1)注意力资源实质性地决定着自动化加工能否顺利进行,具有自动激活特征的刺激在无法获得注意力资源时,自动化加工过程终止。(2)可用的注意力资源数量调控着自动化加工的效率和语义提取的效果,可用的注意力资源数量越多,对启动刺激的语义加工越完善,对目标刺激的促进效果也越有效。本研究结果支持注意力敏感模型关于自动化加工受认知系统的支持和配置才能完成的假设。     

Perception without attention: results of a new method.

Having found by the use of a new method for examining perception without attention that grouping and texture segregation do not seem to occur (see Mack, Tang, Tuma, Kahn, & Rock (1992) Cognitive Psychology, 24, we go on to ask what is perceived without attention using this new method. Our subjects receive only one inattention trial in a sequence of trials involving a visual distraction task. In addition to the distraction task in the inattention trial, subjects received a stimulus of which they had no prior knowledge or expectation and were questioned or tested directly afterward for their perception of that stimulus. Two subsequent trials containing test stimuli serve as within-subject controls. The results of a series of experiments indicate that the presence of one or more stimulus objects and their locations are preattentively perceived, as is their color, but shape is not. Because individual items are detected without attention, we conclude that perceptual organization is initially based on a principle in which connected regions of uniform stimulation are inferred to be discrete units (the principle of uniform connectedness). One striking, unexpected finding is that without attention many subjects have no awareness at all of the stimulus object, an effect we call inattentional blindness.     

不同注意条件下的知觉启动及其机制

采用快速命名方法探讨不同注意条件下的知觉启动效应及其机制。实验中呈现一系列颜色词,要求被试分别完成集中和分散注意任务,然后进行词命名和再认测验。在词命名任务中．实验1包括旧词、重组颜色词和新词,而在实验2中重组颜色词改为新颜色词。结果表明,在实验1中,只有在集中注意条件下,被试对旧词的命名时间明显短于重组颜色词．即表现出知觉启动效应。而在实验2的两种注意条件下,被试对旧词的命名时间均明显短于新颜色词。这提示,在不同注意条件下的学习会影响其后的颜色知觉启动,并且与词和颜色的联结捆绑有关。     

Presenting two color words on a single Stroop trial: evidence for joint influence,not capture

MacLeod and Hodder (1998) demonstrated that presenting two different incongruent color words in the same color on a single Stroop trial resulted in no more interference than did presenting the same incongruent color word twice, and concluded that the first word captured attention, blocking out the second. They also showed that, within a trial, neither stimulus onset asynchrony between the two items nor the presence/absence of a visible gap between the two items had any effect. We replicated all of their empirical findings. Then, by extending their design and factorially combining three types of items--incongruent words, congruent words, and control nonwords--within a trial, we demonstrated that both items within a trial do influence processing, with the contribution of the second greater than that of the first. These results are incompatible with a capture account and suggest instead that the word dimension continues to be monitored during the attempt to identify and produce the name of the color.