THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL PUNISHMENT ON NONCOMPLIANCE: A COMPARISON WITH TIMEOUT AND POSITIVE PRACTICE

The effects of social punishment, positive practice, and timeout on the noncompliant behavior of four mentally retarded children were assessed in a multitreatment withdrawal design. When programmed, the experimental procedure occurred contingent on noncompliance to experimenter-issued commands. Commands were given at 55-sec intervals throughout each experimental session. The results showed (1) lower levels of noncompliance with social punishment than with the positive-practice or timeout conditions, and (2) that relatively few applications of social punishment were required to obtain this effect. The advantages of social punishment over other punishment procedures, considerations to be made before using it, and the various aspects of the procedure that contribute to its effectiveness were discussed.     

心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系

该文通过对我国２９个省、市、自治区及４５个国家和地区情况统计材料的分析研究,探讨了心理学与经济、科学技术发展的关系。结果表明,经济和科学技术发展水平较高的国家和地区,其心理学发展水平也相对较高;心理学家数目的增长依赖于经济和社会需求;心理学发展晚于经济发展并服从于Ｓ形模型;对于经济实力尚不够强大的国家,提供更多的机会培训心理学家是十分重要的;应重视和加速我国心理学的发展,以适应经济发展的需要。     

EDUCATION,SOCIAL CREATIVITY,AND THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY

The evolution of society, the transcendence of existing social structures, and how society creates itself rests in a function of education. In this article the author examines education's work as that of social creativity. The need for pedagogies of “educate hope” and “imaginative possibilities” is explored. Social epistemology and social imaginary are discussed as dimensions of social creativity within the postmodern society. The aesthetic imperative in education is argued as important to developing the capacities and capabilities in youth to imagine alternative future possibilities of democratic society. The author concludes by examining the role of education in the evolution of society.     

THE GANDHIAN EXPERIENCE: OPEN QUESTIONS FOR TRANSDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND SOCIAL PRACTICE

The self-presentation of the book The Gandhian Mode of Becoming approaches in an explicit interrogative mode the following topics: (1) the contrast between the Gandhian solution and the Machiavellian solution to the means-ends problem and the consequences of these two conflicting solutions on the dialectics means-ends in the human actions; (2) the holistic meaning on non-violence as it was conceived and practiced by Gandhi; (3) the theoretical challenges generated by the Gandhian mode of becoming for diff erent models of human development; (4) the transcultural character of the Gandhian experience and its practical value for the genesis of an active non-violent resistence within totalitarian regimes; (5) the practical and cognitive utility of a non-violence scale (ahimsa) rooted in the Gandhian experience; (6) the exploratory and explanatory value of the construct of motivational intelligence implied in Gandhi's experiences.     

REDUCTIONISM AND HOLISM,CHANCE AND SELECTION,MECHANISM AND MIND

Abstract. Despite its rich and deepening panoply of empirical support, evolutionary theory continues to generate widespread concern. Some of this concern can be attributed to misunderstandings of the original concept, some to unfamiliarity with its current trajectories, and some to strongly held fears that it strips the human of cherished attributes. In this essay I seek to deconstruct such misunderstandings, lift up current concepts of what evolution entails, and address some of the existential issues it generates.     

中学生心理危机与社会支持、应对方式的关系

采用问卷对广州市初高中学生共795名进行调查,探讨中学生心理危机与社会支持、应对方式之间的关系.结果: (1)社会支持、问题解决、幻想、发泄、退避、忍耐对危机脆弱性有显著预测作用;主观支持、问题解决、退避对自我压弹力有显著预测作用.(2)社会支持在自我压弹力、危机脆弱性上的主效应显著.结论:中学生社会支持、应对方式对预防心理危机有重要作用.