ACQUISITION OF AN AVOIDANCE REACTION TO LIGHT IN THE PROTOZOA TETRAHYMENA

B ergström , S. R. Acquisition of an avoidance reaction to light in the Protozoa Tetrahymena. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1968, 9 , 220–224.—A culture of Tetra-hymena, dividing synchronously after exposure to an alternating heat treatment, was exposed to a series of light and electric shocks paired. Samples of this culture were drawn after 1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, and 31 exposures to the stimulus combination and were then placed in a partially lighted chamber. With an increasing number of stimulus presentations, the proportions of the samples found in the lighted parts decreased, while they remained roughly constant in control samples which had received either shocks or light or neither of the two stimuli.     

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN REACTION TO FAILURE1

Les Occidentaux admettent qu'on critique leur performance; ils réagissent en général à la critique en essayant de faire mieux. En Extrême-Orient, il n'est pas convenable de dire à quelqu'un qu'il a échoué en quelque chose; le faisant, on a toute chance de le voir renoncer ou faire plus mal encore. Cette différence de comportement dans les deux civilisations s'explique par des différences d'organisation cognitive. Les AA. ont comparé, dans trois groupes d'étudiants de culture différente (Américains; Extrême-orientaux suivant les cours d'universités américaines; Thais de Thaïlande), les individus qui ont réussi et ceux qui ont échoué dans leurs études. Les sujets américains réagissent à l'échec en réduisant les relations entre toutes les variables étudiées, ce qui constitue un mode de défense en profondeur par le biais d'une organisation plus souple. Les sujets des deux autres groupes réagissent à l'échec par une réduction des contacts personnels et une rigidité accrue de l'organisation personnelle interne. Ces résultats ont une grande importance pratique relativement aux effets sociaux du développement économique en Extrême-Orient.     

OVERCOMING AN AUTISTIC CHILD'S FAILURE TO ACQUIRE A TACT REPERTOIRE

A 6-year-old nonvocal autistic girl who had acquired over 30 signs as mands (requests), simple intraverbals (English-sign translations), and imitative responses repeatedly failed to acquire a tact (labeling) repertoire. It was speculated that the verbal stimulus “What is that?” blocked the establishment of stimulus control by nonverbal stimuli. When procedures to transfer stimulus control from verbal to nonverbal stimuli were implemented, the subject quickly learned to tact all 18 target stimuli.     

THE FAILURE OF FEEDBACK ON ALCOHOL IMPAIRMENT TO REDUCE IMPAIRED DRIVING

We examined the effects of rules to govern drinking, individual feedback on blood alcohol concentration (BAC), and public posting of group data on impaired driving on the incidence of impaired driving. Level of impairment was determined from breath samples taken from tavern patrons. Following baseline, an intervention package consisting of (a) cards to guide patrons in pacing their drinking to stay under the legal limit, (b) individual feedback on BAC, and (c) posted group feedback on the percentage of patrons driving while impaired the preceding week was introduced in two taverns. Results indicated that the intervention package did not reduce the percentage of impaired drivers departing either tavern. The addition of a brief intensive police enforcement program directed at impaired driving produced a short-term reduction in impaired driving.     

INDUCED AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR IN THE PROTOZOA TETRAHYMENA

B ergstrom , S. R. Induced avoidance behaviour in the Protozoa Tetrahymena. Scand.J. Psychol ., 1968, 9, 215–219.—A sample of Tetrahymena, exposed to a series of light and electric shocks paired, was placed in a partially lighted glass chamber. During the first three minutes the number of animals in the lighted parts of the chamber decreased, and an essentially smaller proportion of the sample was then found in the light, in comparison with control samples, which had received either shocks or light or neither of the two stimuli.     

ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL NATURE OF CHILD SPEECH FORMATION UNDER CONDITION OF EXPOSURE TO TWO LANGUAGES

De la nature psychologique de la formation du langage chez L'enfant dans un milieu bilingue. Le but de la présente recherche est d'étudier s'il est possible que deux langues, apprises simultanément par un enfant, fonctionnent de façon autonome. Elle a porté sur un enfant dont les contacts avec L'entourage ont été contrôlés selon le principe: « Une langue - une personne ». Une partie de son entourage ne s'adressait à lui qu'en géorgien; L'autre partie lui parlait en russe. L'analyse des observations montre que dans le développement du langage d'un enfant bilingue, on peut observer deux stades: un stade de confusion, L'enfant emploie simultanément des éléments de L'une et L'autre langue; un stade de différenciation des systèmes linguistiques qui aboutit à leur fonctionnement autonome. On a pu cependant faire apparaître qu'au cours de L'assimilation de chacune des deux langues, se produisait une interaction des structures grammaticales correspondantes. Les données sont interprétées dans les termes de la théorie de L'attitude de D.N. Uznadze.     

GENDER-RELATED PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES AND REACTION TO SUCCESS/FAILURE: AN EXAMINATION OF MEDIATING VARIABLES

The effects of success and failure on task performance, and attributions about performance, were compared for high and low instrumental college women. For the high instrumental group, success facilitated task performance, whereas failure, had no debilitating effect; for the low instrumental group, success had no effect on subsequent performance, whereas failure interfered with it. High instrumental women attributed their success primarily, to internal factors and their failures to external factors (the egotistical attribution profile) whereas low instrumental women revealed the opposite profile. The gender-appropriateness of the task had little effect on performance or attribution. Four potential mediators of these differences were investigated: self-esteem, perceived ability, expectancy of success, and attainment value. High-instrumental women's higher perceived ability and performance expectations accounted for their superior task performance, but none of the four mediators accounted for the relationship of instrumentality to attributions.     

EFFECTS OF SELF-INSTRUCTIONAL TRAINING ON SECOND- AND THIRD-GRADE HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN: A FAILURE TO REPUCATE

Bornstein and Quevillon (1976) demonstrated generalization from a 2-hour self-instructional training session to on-task behavior in the classroom with 4-year-old overactive children. In an attempt to replicate this work with older children, eight 7- and 8-year-old hyperactive children were assigned to either a self-instructional training group or an attention-practice control group. On-task behavior in the classroom and performance measures in reading and arithmetic were assessed. The level of difficulty of these tasks was varied. The results of Bornstein and Quevillon's (1976) study were not replicated, although the subsequent introduction of a token program significantly increased on-task behavior.     

AMOUNT OF INDUCED AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR TO LIGHT IN THE PROTOZOA TETRAHYMENA AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AFTER TRAINING AND CELL FISSION

B ergström , S. R. Amount of induced avoidance behaviour to light in the Protozoa Tetrahymena as a function of time after training and cell fission. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1969, 10 , 16–20.—Two cultures of Tetrahymena, dividing synchronously after exposure to an alternating heat treatment, were exposed to series of light and electric shocks paired. After 20 and 30 exposures resp. to the stimulus combination, samples of these cultures were drawn every 18 min and placed in a partially lighted chamber. In samples drawn shortly after training, an essentially smaller proportion was found in the light, in comparison with control samples, which had received either shocks or light or neither of the two stimuli. In later samples, this proportion increased until it approached level of control samples. The course of the increase was not influenced by intervening synchronous cell division.     

AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOUR TO LIGHT IN THE PROTOZOA TETRAHYMENA: The effect of a gradual versus an abrupt boundary between dark and light

B ergström , S. R. Avoidance behaviour to light in the Protozoa Tetrahymena. The effect of a gradual versus an abrupt boundary between dark and light. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1969, 10 , 81–88.—Samples of Tetrahymena, trained to avoid light, were placed in the dark part of a partially lighted chamber. The frequency of animals entering the lighted part through a gradual and through an abrupt boundary between dark and light was observed. It was found that a gradual boundary was a much more effective obstacle to the animals than an abrupt one.     

移动窗口条件下阅读过程中字词识别特点的研究

采用“移动窗口”技术对中文阅读过程中的字词识别进形了初步的探讨。被试是８名大学生,阅读材料为８篇科学文章。结果发现,在移动窗口条件下,词的注视时间受词频、词中字数等词本身特性,词在理解文章中的重要性以及句子界限效应、文章难度等来自阅读理解的高级过程的影响。移动窗口技术可以在一定程度上较真实地探讨阅读中字词的连续加工过程。