论中观—唯识演进的语言哲学意义

对语词与事物关联的探讨,在古代印度哲学中付诸阙如,这成为早期佛教语言思想的基本语境。从部派佛教走向般若经类思想的过程中,语义的实体性被消解,中观的假名论开始成为佛教语言哲学的主流。在中观的名论与唯识的存有论之间出现了明显的分野。唯识由"空"、"无我"等命题,尤其是对阿赖耶识的性质、内涵的界说,开出了一条引导语言走向自我消解,从而在本体层面上转向存有论的语言思想途径。中观与唯识是两种至今仍有巨大影响的佛教学说,而在名实之辨上,唯识表现出了比中观更为丰富、缜密的思维逻辑,主要包括本体论的觉性和存有概念的缘义两个方面。     

Soteriological dimensions in the work of Heinz Kohut

A framework of theological inquiry is utilized to illuminate soteriological dimensions implicit in Heinz Kohut's psychology of the self as expressed in his most recent work,The Restoration of the Self. Kohut's new formulations involve the unfolding of a saving approach that through its broad application seeks to overcome “the psychological danger that puts the psychological survival of modern Western man into the greatest jeopardy.” The theological inquiry employed asks: What is the essential nature of man? How has man fallen away from his essential self? By what means is he to be saved from his broken condition? Kohut's implicit and explicit “answers” are summarized by dealing with four cardinal issues in his book: definitions of the self: the relationship of a psychology of the self to other psychologies; theory concerning the selfs structure, development, and restoration; and the centrality of the empathic response.     

Language as an interaction system

In this article I present a programmatic outline of a new kind of model of language, and offer some criticisms of standard approaches. The discussion begins with issues concerning representation because, so I argue, problems with standard approaches to representation are at the heart of notions of and problems with language.     

Written Language Is as Natural as Spoken language: A Biolinguistic Perspective

A commonly held belief is that language is an aspect of the biological system since the capacity to acquire language is innate and evolved along Darwinian lines. Written language, on the other hand, is thought to be an artifact and a surrogate of speech; it is, therefore, neither natural nor biological. This disparaging view of written language, even though propounded by some renowned linguists and biologists, has not gained universal acceptance. Dissenters such as linguists from the Prague circle who claim that written language is an independent system that deserves a status equivalent to that of spoken language have developed their argument along linguistic parameters. The present article also endeavors to show that written language is as natural as spoken language but does so from a biolinguistic perspective. Biolinguistics defines language as a product of biological adaptation in the Darwinian sense (Givon, 2002 Givon, T. 2002. Bio-linguistics, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.  [Google Scholar]) and considers language to be innate and species specific (Jenkins, 2000 Jenkins, L. 2000. Biolinguistics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]). The present article presents evidence to show that, similar to spoken language, written language has adaptive value, evolved over time, and is relatively independent of spoken language. The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, which has a history of about 4,000 years, is used for examining the proposition that written language evolved along Darwinian lines as much as spoken language did. It is concluded that written language is yet another manifestation of the natural endowment of the human mind and may not be treated as a proxy for speech. The educational implication is that, in literacy instruction, written language should be given as much importance in today's schools as elements of spoken language, such as phoneme awareness and phonological awareness.     

Self-Reflection Counselling as an Instrument in Organisational Learning

Self reflection is an important factor in the relationship between individual and organisational development, but until recently, it has gone unnoticed. Reviewing the significance of self reflection through analysis of three vital areas of organisational development—leadership, women-in-management, and organisational survival—it is argued that there is a vital case to be made for the development of counselling strategies aimed at encouraging and assisting self-reflective practice among organisational participants. Reflecting upon the authors' own practice among managers, a number of strategies and potential strategies for reaching people in the work-place are outlined.     

语言——自然选择的一种适应

该文认为人类的语言能力是一种生物学意义上的适应,是自然选择的产物。人类的语言与自然界中其它复杂的生物学适应相类似,也具有特定的机能。语言的特定机能在于编码叙事性信息并与他人分享,这与人类认知活动中因果推理所具有的高度社会性特点相一致。两个新的研究领域,进化博弈理论和分子进化选择理论,都证实了语言是一种受到自然选择的进化适应     

Development and Validation of an Instrument to Measure Attitudes Toward Sexist/Nonsexist Language

Despite documented, negative effects of sexist language, some people still strongly oppose inclusive language. Their attitudes need study, but existing measures of attitude lack comprehensiveness or validity. This paper reports construction and validation of the 42-item Inventory of Attitudes Toward Sexist/Nonsexist Language (IASNL), which is based on a conceptual framework related to beliefs about language, recognition of sexist language, and willingness to use inclusive language. Four studies tested the IASNL's content validity (9 content experts, 329 other participants), construct validity, and reliability (31 advocates of inclusive language, 298 additional respondents). Cronbach alphas were high and validity measures were strong. Two short forms of the IASNL were also created—the IASNL-General and the IASNL-Sport. The IASNL-General is in the Appendix.     

让器物说话——器物医学史：一种新的编史学视角

当下医学与技术史的研究史料大多聚焦于文献、文物,构成相对固化的研究范式,提议医学史研究的视域应适当拓展到近现代新医疗、技术格局下世俗社会的医疗、保健器物,并提出“以器物为中心”的编史学纲要,作为主流医学史的补充。其学理依据既有文物与器物的打通,历史学理性与物性之辨,历史叙事的变轨,医学史与文化史的统合,文献学方法与人类学方法的交映,还有近代新史学理念的启迪,如王国维的“二重证据论”,顾颉刚的“眼光向下”、“民俗生活入史”等。随后,就器物医学史的研究谱系进行了若干展开,以期为后续研究开启思路。     

A Perspective on the Neurobiology of Language

This paper provides a perspective on current issues and challenges in the investigation of the neurobiology of language. It is proposed that the speech/language deficits of aphasic patients reflect impairments in the processing components involved in accessing language. More specifically, it is hypothesized that many of these deficits result from changes in the activation level of word candidates in the lexicon. Because word recognition and lexical access processes are crucially involved in virtually all aspects of language processing, such an impairment has repercussions throughout the components of the linguistic grammar. It is suggested that the intersection of such language behaviors with the identification of underlying neural systems will define future research directions. Methodological and technological issues are discussed as they impact on current and future research.     

Language as Emerging from Instinctive Behaviour

Critique of Norman Malcolm’s ‘Wittgenstein: The Relation of Language to Instinctive Behaviour’. Rhees points out the danger of thinking of instinctive reactions as the foundations of language. The reactions are primitive, Rhees argues, in relation to primitive means of communication, ie, in relation to people who already speak a language. What we need to emphasise is the way in which primitive reactions are taken up in our ways of thinking and forms of life. That cannot be reduced to something ‘instinctive’.     

语言理解中的动作知觉：基于具身认知的视角

具身认知理论是目前认知科学领域中最新的研究范式和取向, 它认为人的认知过程依赖于感知和动作系统, 强调身体在认知中发挥重要作用。具身语言理解则认为, 身体、动作和知觉系统在语言认知中也起着不可或缺的作用。文章在简要回顾具身语言理解的相关理论如索引假设、浸入式经历者框架、语言神经理论的基础上, 重点从语言理解的四个层面的实证研究, 即音位、单词、句子、语篇, 证实具身语言理解的观点。未来的研究应该着眼于用具身认知观点来解释更高级的抽象语言表征, 具身单词、句子、语篇的具体表征形式, 并利用具身语言认知的观点进行认知的本土化研究。     

Language Experience Affects Grouping of Musical Instrument Sounds

Language experience clearly affects the perception of speech, but little is known about whether these differences in perception extend to non‐speech sounds. In this study, we investigated rhythmic perception of non‐linguistic sounds in speakers of French and German using a grouping task, in which complexity (variability in sounds, presence of pauses) was manipulated. In this task, participants grouped sequences of auditory chimeras formed from musical instruments. These chimeras mimic the complexity of speech without being speech. We found that, while showing the same overall grouping preferences, the German speakers showed stronger biases than the French speakers in grouping complex sequences. Sound variability reduced all participants’ biases, resulting in the French group showing no grouping preference for the most variable sequences, though this reduction was attenuated by musical experience. In sum, this study demonstrates that linguistic experience, musical experience, and complexity affect rhythmic grouping of non‐linguistic sounds and suggests that experience with acoustic cues in a meaningful context (language or music) is necessary for developing a robust grouping preference that survives acoustic variability.     

新公共管理视角的政府管制模式转型分析

本文以具有典型代表价值的美国政府管制模式改革为主要研究对象,在系统分析20世纪80年代政府管制改革的历史进程和主要内容的基础上,明确提出当代西方国家的政府管制模式改革运动,其本质绝不可以简单地用放松管制来进行概括,而是在新公共管理核心理念影响下的政府管制模式转型,其目的就是要用一整套市场导向、顾客导向、战略导向和绩效导向的新型管理理念和管理模式,来重塑传统的以命令服从关系为基础的科层官僚制组织的管理文化和管理机制。     

语言的隐喻视角下人类认知框架建构

随着以计算机隐喻为核心的第一代认知科学的弊端日益凸显,强调感知体验为认知构建核心作为主流思想的第二代认知科学在近几年获得了迅速发展。语言作为人类联结自身体验和外界事物的桥梁,在个体认知框架建构中意义重大。而人类语言的隐喻认知能力是构成认知系统的核心要素,也是人类思维活动反映抽象概念的重要方式。文章通过对语言的隐喻认知视角下人类认知框架建构机制的探讨,在指出当前研究中存在的缺陷和不足的基础上为将来研究提供相关思路。     

Quality of Life from an Evolutionary Perspective

Quality of Life (QoL) is a multi-dimensional concept that includes: a) the long-term sustainability of the earth; b) good health, education, welfare; and c) the psychological state of wellbeing. This article, which introduces a special issue on QoL from an evolutionary perspective, shows how modern evolutionary science provides a “toolkit” for studying all aspects of QoL.     

Language acquisition as concept formation; an experimental approach

Abstract.— A concept formation task which in important respects was meant to simulate a natural language acquisition situation was constructed. The experimental focus was on the establishment of the semantic relation between names and their objects. The task contained both relevant and irrelevant stimulus and response items, and different types of informative feedback were given. The results showed that a self-controlled selection strategy was more efficient than a fixed reception strategy. However, the superiority of the selection strategy was found to depend on the level of task difficulty. With an easier task, no difference between the two strategies was observed. Ambiguous feedback turned out to be less effective than unambiguous feedback. The findings suggest that word learning takes place as a concept formation process.     

Metaphor as an Instrument for Orchestrating Change in Counselor Training and the Counseling Process

The authors explore the use of metaphors as a training tool for beginning counselors for enhancing client case conceptualization, counselor‐client relationships, and intervention strategies. The history of the use of metaphors in counseling, several definitions, and a case study are presented. The authors discuss intentional use of metaphors with students in training and with clients. How to introduce the use of metaphors into counselor training and practice is also included.