航线飞行员危险态度测量及对驾驶安全行为的影响

为了探讨现代航线飞行员危险态度特点及其与驾驶安全行为的关系,采用文献分析、问卷调查和专家访谈,编制了中国文化背景下航线飞行员危险态度问卷,并对中国南方航空公司257名飞行员进行调查。结果发现,自信、冲动性、男子气概、焦虑、服从性和风险意识等因素能解释飞行员危险态度总体变异的60.275%,同时对驾驶安全行为产生显著负向影响。这一结果表明六维结构模型具有较好的信度和效度,可以作为现代航线飞行员驾驶安全行为评估的预测指标。

A Study on the Relationship Between Hazardous Attitudes and Safe Operation Behaviors Among Airline Pilots in China

In aviation, the role of attitudes has received particular attention since the study of the causes of aircraft accidents conducted by Jensen and Benel (1977) and the subsequent publication of a series of guides and training material by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA, 1991) in which the role of what were termed "Hazardous Thought Patterns" was discussed. Those documents included a self-report scale that pilots could use to identify their personal hazardous thought patterns. Citing the psychometric limitations of the Ipsative self-assessment instrument contained in the FAA publications, Hunter (2005) described the New Hazardous Attitudes Scale (N-HAS) to measure hazardous attitudes, and presented construct validation results. Hazardous attitude is a social cognitive variable, which is inevitably affected by national culture, occupational culture and organizational culture of cross-impact. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the structure model of pilot hazardous attitude in the Chinese culturd background, and then explore the relationship between hazardous attitudes and safe operation behaviors among airlines. Through literature reviews, expert interviews and open-ended questionnaire surveys, 46 items which could reflect modern airlines pilot hazardous attitudes were selected under the Chinese cultural background. A Likert-type ranging from 5 (strongly agree) to 1 (strongly disagree) was used for responses and composed the primary questionnaire. Then, data collected from a sample of 139 subjects came from China Southern Airlines Ltd. were used to explore the primary questionnaire’s reliability and validity through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Lastly, with item analysis and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), data from another sample of 118 subjects were used to confirm the validity and reliability of the formal airlines pilot hazardous attitudes scale in China. Meanwhile, this study conducted another analysis of the direct effect of airlines pilot hazardous attitudes on safe operation behaviors. EFA and CFA were conducted to examine the factorial structure of the scale. The results showed that Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.851. The scale consisted of six factors: Self-Confidence, Impulsive, Macho, Worry/Anxiety, Resignation and Risk Awareness. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the six factors were 0.847, 0.825, 0.814, 0.863, 0.879 and 0.872, respectively. The scale showed adequate psychometric properties in terms of both reliability and validity. With demographic variables controlled, the predictor’s standardized regression coefficients of safe operation behaviors were negative and significant. The contributions of this study include: (1) six dimensions of the scale have rationality, and the scale has proper reliability and high validity; (2) six dimensions have significant impact on the safe operation behaviors, which can act as effective predictors of modern airlines pilots’ safe operation behaviors; and (3) the scale developed in this study not only provides an effective assessing instrument to diagnose the errors in aircrew operation behaviors, but also establishes a fairly good theoretical foundation for designing methods of pilot selection and training.