维度改变卡片分类任务中的负启动效应及其发生的条件

为了探讨负启动效应在学前儿童规则灵活转换中的作用, 用几个不同负启动版本的维度改变卡片分类任务(DCCS)研究了DCCS中的负启动效应及其在3、4岁儿童中的发展。实验一验证了儿童在负启动版本DCCS任务中的年龄发展趋势, 发现与标准版本一样, 大多数3、4岁儿童都不能通过, 但随着年龄增长负启动会逐渐减少, 更多的儿童能够顺利通过任务。实验二考察了DCCS中负启动发生的条件, 发现在任务的转换前阶段, 无论分类规则间存在冲突还是目标卡片与测试卡片间无关维度值上存在冲突, 负启动都会发生, 由此揭示出能引起选择性注意和主动抑制的冲突是负启动发生的关键。实验三探讨了负启动时主动抑制发生的层面, 发现儿童主动抑制的并非是无关维度中一个或某几个特定的值, 而是整个无关的维度, 表明抑制发生在维度这一更抽象的上位水平上。说明由抑制而产生的负启动或许也应成为儿童认知灵活性发展中需要克服的一个问题。

The Negative Priming Effect and the Conditions under Which It Is Elicited in the Dimensional Change Card Sort Task

In order to study the role of negative priming in the flexible rule use of children, three experiments were used to examine the negative priming effect and its development in 3-4 years old children.Experiment 1 clarif ied that most 3 and 4 years old children had surprising difficulties in passing the standard negative priming version of DCCS and their performance followed the same developmental trend as in the standard version..Experiment 2 explored the conditions under which NP was elicited in the DCCS.It indicated that where there was a conflict in the pre-switch phrase, there was NP.No matter they were conflicting rules or conflicting values.We thought selective at ention together with active inhibition which were both elicited by conflict were critical to NP.The last experiment examined what children inhibited when they act ively inhibited in the NP version of DCCS.It showed that children actually inhibited the irrelevant dimension which was an upper level instead of one or several specific values.In all, we thought negative priming may also be a problem for children to overcome in the development of cognitive flexibility.