不同分配情境下儿童公平行为的发展

为探究儿童在不同利益对比情境以及与己利益无关情境中的公平行为,研究呈现了自我任务的劣势博弈、优势博弈、冲突博弈以及第三方任务博弈四种分配情境。自我任务中儿童需要为自己与另一名匿名儿童迫选方案,第三方任务中则需为两名匿名儿童迫选方案。结果发现:(1)劣势博弈中所有年龄组均倾向于选择公平方案,而非劣势方案;(2)优势博弈中,8岁、10岁组选择公平方案的人显著多于优势方案,而4岁、6岁组均无显著差异;(3)冲突博弈中,4岁、6岁组选择优势方案的人显著多于劣势方案,而8岁、10岁组均无显著差异;(4)第三方博弈中,8岁、10岁组选择公平方案的人显著多于不公平方案,而4岁、6岁组均无显著差异。这表明,4岁~6岁儿童尚未真正获得公平观念,且以获得个人利益为主;而8岁是真正获得公平观念的转折年龄,8~10岁儿童对人对己均坚持公平原则,且表现出利他倾向。

The Development of Children's Fair Behavior in Different Distribution Situations

To explore the development of children's fair behavior, the study presented four distribution situations. They were disadvantage game(2/2, 0/4) and(2/2, 1/3) in self task, advantage game(2/2, 4/0) and(2/2, 3/1) in self task, conflict game(0/4, 4/0) and(1/3, 3/1) in self task and(2/2, 0/4) and(2/2, 1/3) game in third-party task. This study selected four groups, namely, 4 year-old group, 6 year-old group, 8 year-old group and 10 year-old group, each containing 30 cases as participants. Children in self task were forced to choose one allocation solution for themselves and other anonymous child. Children in third-party task were forced to choose one allocation solution for another two anonymous children. It showed that:(1) the number of 4, 6, 8,10 year-old children who chose 2/2 fair option was respectively significantly more than 0/4 or 1/3 disadvantage option on disadvantage game of self task;(2) the number of 8 year-old and 10 year-old children who chose 2/2 fair option was respectively significantly more than 4/0 or 3/1 advantage option on advantage game of self task, but there was no significant difference for 4 and 6 year-old children;(3) the number of 4 and 6 year-old children who chose 4/0 or 3/1 self-interest option was respectively significantly more than 0/4 or 1/3 altruism option on conflict game of self task; but there was no significant difference for 8 and 10 year-old children;(4) the number of 8 and 10 year-old children who chose 2/2 fair option was significantly more than 0/4 or 1/3unfair option on the third-party task, but there was no significant difference for 4 and 6 year-old children. The present study demonstrated that 4 and 6 year-old children gave priority to self-interest consideration. When they made a decision for others, they did not adhere to the principle of fairness. Children as young as eight were at the turning point of acquiring the concept of fairness. 8 and 10 year-old children considered fair principle as criteria to make decisions and showed a tendency of altruism.