Gender and cardiovascular disease: a psychobiological and integrative approach

Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss in all industrialized countries. Although there are gender differences in the prevalence, causes, symptoms, treatment, and outcome of heart disease, the differences are complex and often misunderstood. These gender differences are a function of psychological influences, physiological influences, and an interaction of the two. Understanding these complex interactions and how they differentially influence the development and progression of heart disease will ultimately contribute to a greater understanding of how to integrate information from medicine and epidemiology with that from psychology and behavioral medicine. Ultimately, it is this integrated approach that will allow us to better understand heart disease in both men and women.