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The Factor Structure of Effortful Control and Measurement Invariance Across Ethnicity and Sex in a High-Risk Sample |
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| Authors: | Michael J. Sulik Snjezana Huerta Argero A. Zerr Nancy Eisenberg Tracy L. Spinrad Carlos Valiente Laura Di Giunta Armando A. Pina Natalie D. Eggum Julie Sallquist Alison Edwards Anne Kupfer Christopher J. Lonigan Beth M. Phillips Shauna B. Wilson Jeanine Clancy-Menchetti Susan H. Landry Paul R. Swank Michael A. Assel Heather B. Taylor |
| Affiliation: | 1. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA 2. Inter-university Centre for Research in the Genesis and Development of Prosocial and Antisocial Motivations, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy 3. The School Readiness Consortium, Houston, TX, 77030, USA |
| Abstract: | Measurement invariance of a one-factor model of effortful control (EC) was tested for 853 low-income preschoolers (M age = 4.48 years). Using a teacher-report questionnaire and seven behavioral measures, configural invariance (same factor structure across groups), metric invariance (same pattern of factor loadings across groups), and partial scalar invariance (mostly the same intercepts across groups) were established across ethnicity (European Americans, African Americans and Hispanics) and across sex. These results suggest that the latent construct of EC behaved in a similar way across ethnic groups and sex, and that comparisons of mean levels of EC are valid across sex and probably valid across ethnicity, especially when larger numbers of tasks are used. The findings also support the use of diverse behavioral measures as indicators of a single latent EC construct. |
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