12岁儿童充分条件假言推理能力发展的个体差异研究

以三类不同题目（与生活经验密切联系、与生活经验相悖、与生活经验“脱离”），探查了12岁普通儿童与数学成绩优异儿童充分条件假言推理能力发展的个体差异。通过对测查成绩的聚类分析，可将被试划分为四种不同的类型，从而显示出同一年龄儿童不同的推理能力发展水平：普通组儿童有关推理能力已有初步发展，但推理过程仍经常受其具体内容的束缚；数学成绩优异组儿童假设思维和演绎推理能力协调发展，“形式”从“内容”的束缚中解放出来，推理思维活动能较好地符合有关逻辑规则。这两组儿童假言推理能力的差异可能跟智能水平有关。

A STUDY ON INTER-INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT ABILITY OF ADEQUATE CONDITIONAL SYLLOGISTIC REASONING IN 12 YEAR-OLDS

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the inter-individual differences for the developmental ability of adequate conditional syllogistic reasoning in 12 year-olds. The samples were randomly stratified according to the academic achievements of mathematics. The subjects were in total 40 school children divided into two groups : High ability group of math and general ability group of math with equal number of subjects.The subjects were individually tested with three types of tasks of syllogistic reasoning with verbal materials. Type 1 task referred an experimental context available to all school children; Type 2 task was based on a counterintuitive statement beyond concrete experiences; Type 3 task included abstractly a symbolized content. The results showed that four categories of subjects corresponding to four different levels of syllogistic reasoning were identified in terms of the statistical analysis for the verbal performances of the subjects. The subjects of the general ability group spread out on those four levels,which indicated that their ability of syllogistic reasoning was frequently constrained by the concrete contexts of the tasks, their pefformances could not free themselves from the perceptual experiences.However, the subjects of the high ability group were convergent to the highest level which was characterized by mature formal operational minking, the ability of assumed thinking in coordination with the ability of deductive reasoning were fully developed. The 'forms' liberated from the contexts. The ability of syllogistic reasoning correlated with the mathematical achievement and the levels of intelligence.