Identifying the interaction of maternal sensitivity and two serotonin-related gene polymorphisms on infant self-regulation |
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| Affiliation: | 1. Ludong University, China;2. University of Pennsylvania, United States;3. Southeast University, China;4. Pecking University, China;1. CLLE-LTC (Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie—Laboratoire Travail & Cognition)—UMR 5263, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France;2. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur l’Asie Orientale—UMR 8563, Paris, France;3. Faculty of Human-Environmental Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan;4. InterPsy Laboratory (E.A. 4432), University of Lorraine, (Nancy 2), France;1. Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands;2. Institute of Psychology, Leiden University and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands;3. Department of Psychology and Center for Cognitive Science, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;1. University of Münster, Münster, Germany;2. Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany |
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| Abstract: | During infancy, orienting and gaze aversion serve as major self-regulatory mechanisms and play an important role in the development of deliberate self-regulation and control. The present study examined the interaction of intrinsic factors (MAOA-uVNTR and 5-HTTLPR gene polymorphisms) and extrinsic factors (maternal sensitivity) on early infant self-regulatory behavior. We assessed 5-HTTLPR (ss + sl versus ll) and MAOA-uVNTR (3 and 4 among boys, and 3/3, 3/4, and 4/4 among girls) polymorphisms, determined maternal sensitivity during mother–child free play, and coded infant self-regulatory behavior (i.e., orienting shifts in a temperament test) in 281 six-month-old infants. We found that infants who experienced a lower level of maternal sensitivity and had the short allele of 5-HTTLPR variants and the 3/3 MAOA-uVNTR polymorphism displayed lower self-regulation capacity than did those infants with a higher level of maternal sensitivity. This finding suggested a modulatory role of maternal sensitivity. Moreover, these findings are consistent with the genetic vulnerability hypothesis, which states that beneficial environmental factors serve as a buffer against harmful genetic predispositions during child development. |
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| Keywords: | 5-HTTLPR polymorphism MAOA-uVNTR polymorphism Maternal sensitivity Gene interaction Gene–environment interaction |
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