A new approach to assessing optimism: the development of a german version of the positive and negative expectancies questionnaire (paneq-g) |
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| Authors: | Peter F. Titzmann Derek Roger Daniel Thor Olason Veronica Greco |
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| Affiliation: | (1) Friedrich-Schiller-University, USA;(2) University of York, USA;(3) University of Iceland, USA;(4) University of Sheffield, USA;(5) Department of Developmental Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, D-07743 Jena, Germany |
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| Abstract: | This study describes the construction and validation of a German version of the Positive and Negative Expectancies Scale, PANEQ-G, which is based on the original English version of the PANEQ. The German version showed the same factor structure as the original, comprising the three subscales of Negative Affectivity/Pessimism, Positive Affectivity/Optimism, and Fighting Spirit. The reliability data for the new scale were acceptable, and the factor structure was confirmed by means of a confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample. As expected, concurrent validation uncovered substantial correlations of the three established scales. Negative Affectivity/Pessimism was related to Neuroticism and Positive Affectivity/Optimism was related to Extraversion. Fighting Spirit, the third scale, was related to Self-Efficacy and Conscientiousness. The PANEQ-G provides a reliable and valid instrument that can be used in conjunction with the original PANEQ for cross-cultural studies on Optimism and Pessimism. It also offers a new third component, Fighting Spirit, which can enrich research in this area. |
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