气质与父母养育对儿童社会适应的交互作用:代表性理论及其证据

最佳适配理论、素质-压力模型、差别易感模型从不同视角阐述了气质、养育方式在儿童社会适应行为中的交互作用机制。最佳适配理论强调气质特质与父母养育方式的良好匹配能促进儿童的社会适应,而不良匹配则会带来适应问题。素质-压力模型强调在不利父母养育条件下,具有"风险"气质特质的儿童更容易出现适应不良,而对"弹性"气质的儿童影响不大。差别易感模型则认为儿童"易感"的气质特质在良好的抚养条件下表现得"更好",而在不利的抚养环境中表现得"更差"。围绕三种代表性理论及其实证研究结果,对当前最新研究结果进行了分析和总结,进一步细分了儿童社会化过程中的风险因素和保护性因素。从气质与积极养育方式的交互作用、养育过程中父母角色分工的差异,以及气质与养育方式动态作用机制三个方面指出了将来进一步探索的方向。

The interaction between temperament and parenting on children's social adjustment: Major theories and evidence

Goodness of fit model,diathesis-stress model and differential susceptibility model explain the interaction of temperament-parenting on children's social adjustment from different perspectives.Goodness of fit model emphasizes that well-matched of temperament traits and parenting practices could promote children's social adjustment,while ill-matched parenting leads to adjustment problems.Diathesis-stress model emphasizes that children with risk temperature traits are more prone to negative parenting,while resilient children do not develop maladjustment problems as a result of negative parenting.Differential susceptibility model suggests that children perform better under the condition of positive parenting and perform worse under negative parenting.Based on three major theories and empirical findings,this article analyzes and summarizes latest empirical results,and further elaborates on the risk factors and protective factors in children's socialization.Future research should focus on the interaction between temperament and positive parenting,the differentiation of parental roles,and the dynamic interaction between temperament and parenting.