平辈亲属词语义加工中长幼概念的空间隐喻和重量隐喻——来自中国朝鲜族和汉族的证据

采用具身认知范式考察平辈亲属词语义加工中长幼概念的空间和重量隐喻,比较中国朝鲜族和汉族的长幼观念。实验1表明,中国朝鲜族人在平辈亲属词语义加工中对平辈年长亲属词的加工快于对平辈年幼亲属词的加工,并且存在着部分的上下隐喻一致性效应,平辈年幼亲属词呈现在屏幕的下方加工得快。汉族人在平辈亲属词语义加工中存在着完整的上下隐喻一致性效应:平辈年长亲属词呈现在屏幕上方加工得快,平辈年幼亲属词呈现在屏幕下方加工得快。实验2表明,"左大右小"的亲属词对促进了中国朝鲜族人对"左重右轻"天平倾斜方向的判断,表明亲属词对蕴含的长幼概念激活了重量概念,但对汉族人的天平倾斜方向判断却无显著的影响。实验3表明,"左重右轻"的天平倾斜方向促进了中国朝鲜族人对"左大右小"的朝鲜语亲属词对的年龄比较,表明重量加工激活了长幼概念,但不影响汉族人对汉语亲属词对的年龄比较。朝、汉两个民族对平辈亲属词的不同隐喻方式源于不同的文化图式,反映了两个民族的长幼文化的差异:与汉族人相比,中国朝鲜族人更重视长幼秩序,对长幼规范的要求更加严格。

Spatial metaphors and weight metaphors of seniority rules in the semantic processing of kinship words of the same generation: Evidence from Chinese Korean nationality and the Han nationality

Metaphor is a ubiquitous cognitive style in everyday life. Ordinary conceptual systems are fundamentally metaphorical in nature. Spatial metaphors and weight metaphors play an important role in human cognition. Spatial metaphor is the mapping of spatial concepts to non-spatial concepts. Similarly, weight metaphor is mapping the concept of weight onto the concept of non-weight. By studying a large number of corpora, researchers found that many abstract concepts are constructed and understood through spatial and weight concepts, such as time, quantity, emotion, moral, power, importance etc. Kinship, as an initial social relationship, is formed on the basis of blood relationships and marriage. In each language, there is a corresponding vocabulary to represent kinship terms, which are called kinship words. Kinship words include a wealth of genetic, marital, sociological and cultural information. The purpose of this study is to investigate and explore whether kinship words which belong to the same generation could be represented by concrete concepts, such as up-down, and heavy-light concepts. Generally speaking, "up" implies higher authority, upper social status and more respect, "down" means lower authority, lower social status and more care; "heavy" implies higher authority and more importance; "light" means lower authority and less importance. In this study, three experiments were explored. The participants were college students of the Chinese Korean Nationality and the Han Nationality. Kinship word judgment task and priming task were introduced to examine the metaphorical effects of kinship words. Every experiment included 2 sub-experiments. In experiment 1a, 30 Korean kinship words (18 the elder kinship words and 12 the younger kinship words) were used to survey the role of up-down metaphor in Korean subjects. In experiment 1b, 24 Chinese kinship words (12 the elder kinship words and 12 the younger kinship words) were used to survey the role of up-down metaphor in the Han subjects. Experiment 2 was constructed to explore whether weight can be primed by seniority rules. In experiment 2a, 12 Korean kinship word pairs (an elder kinship word paired with a younger kinship word, like "older brother-younger brother") and a tilted balance were used to inspect the role of heavy-light metaphor in Korean subjects. Experiment 2b was a corresponding experiment carried out in the Han subjects. Experiment 3 was constructed to explore whether weight can prime seniority rules. The procedures and stimulus were similar to those from experiment 2. Results suggested that: (1) Seniority rules hidden in kinship words and vertical dimension of space existed implicit contact: the elder kinship words corresponded to the space "up" and younger kinship words corresponded to the space "down". The results of the Chinese Korean Nationality and the Han Nationality were similar. (2) Seniority rules hidden in kinship words and weight existed implicit contact: the elder kinship words corresponded to "heavy" and younger kinship words corresponded to "light". The process of kinship words affected the process of weight. The weight metaphor of kinship words only existed in the Chinese Korean Nationality other than the Han Nationality. (3) The process of weight affected the process of kinship words in return. The same as experiment 2, this priming effect was only found in the Chinese Korean Nationality. To sum it up, "up-down" spatial metaphor of kinship words which belong to the same generation of the Han Nationality and the Chinese Korean Nationality were similar. "Heavy-light" weight metaphor of kinship words existed in the Chinese Korean Nationality other than the Han Nationality. The difference between the two nationalities lies in their respective cultural schemas and body experiences. These results suggested that the Chinese Korean Nationality value seniority rules more than the Han Nationality.