粗暴养育的内涵、影响因素及作用机制

因对儿童青少年身心发展的消极影响, 粗暴养育(harsh parenting)近年来成为养育研究领域的热点。粗暴养育的表现形式主要包括身体攻击、言语攻击、心理攻击以及强迫/控制行为等。影响因素包括个体影响因素和环境影响因素。前者主要包括父母的敌意人格、认知能力不足、消极的被养经历以及儿童的困难型气质和易损基因型等。后者主要包括家庭经济困难和社区处境不利等。粗暴养育引发儿童的内外化问题, 损害其人际功能, 造成生理/神经系统功能紊乱等。未来研究需进一步考察粗暴养育的影响因素(如特殊家庭环境)、表现形式及其负面影响, 加强本土化研究, 重视粗暴养育的预防和干预。

Harsh parenting: Meaning,influential factors and mechanisms

The research on harsh parenting has developed into an important area during the past twenty years, due to its negative impact on children’s physical and mental health. Harsh parenting is evoked by various individual and environmental factors. The former mainly refers to parents' hostile personality, lower cognitive capacity, experiences of being harshly disciplined themselves, as well as children's difficult temperament and genetic vulnerability. The latter mainly includes familial economic hardship and neighborhood disadvantages. Children exposed to harsh parenting are at risk for a number of negative developmental outcomes, like externalizing and internalizing problems, lower interpersonal competence, and physiological/neural disturbances, etc. This literature review calls for more studies to explore new influencing factors such as disadvantaged family backgrounds and to examine the manifestations and negative effects of harsh parenting. It is also expected to have new studies to strengthen indigenous research for improving its prevention and intervention.