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Learned helplessness,depression and the perception of reinforcement
Authors:William R. Miller  Martin E.P. Seligman
Affiliation:Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Abstract:
Depressed and nondepressed subjects were given escapable, inescapable, or no noise. Then, their perceptions of reinforcement contingencies in skill and chance tasks were assessed. Depressed-no noise and nondepressed-inescapable noise subjects exhibited smaller decreases in expectancy following failure in skill, but not in chance, than nondepressed-no noise subjects. So, depression and inescapable noise both produced perception of failure in skill as response-independent. Contrary to predictions, neither depression nor inescapable noise had a significant effect on increases in expectancy after success. These results partially support the learned helplessness model of depression which claims that a belief in independence between responding and reinforcement is central to the etiology and symptoms of depression in man.
Keywords:Reprints may be obtained from the first author   Department of Psychology   University of Pennsylvania   3815 Walnut Street   Philadelphia   PA 19174   U.S.A.
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