绝对重要性和认知负荷影响基于事件的前瞻记忆

操作前瞻记忆任务的重要性的方式有两种，研究发现相对重要性会造成进行中任务的损耗，而绝对重要性的研究较少且结果不尽一致，这种差异可能与进行中任务占用认知资源的情况有关。我们使用绝对重要性的指导语来操纵前瞻记忆任务的重要性高或者低，并且以Stroop任务作为进行中任务，来考察绝对重要性和认知资源占用的交互影响。结果发现，在进行中任务一致条件下，绝对重要性的增高促进了进行中任务的完成；而不一致条件下，则会阻碍进行中任务的完成。这说明，进行中任务的认知资源变化与前瞻记忆任务重要性对进行中任务的影响有着交互调节作用。

The Interaction of Absolute Importance and Cognitive Resources on Prospective Memory

Prospective memory is to remember an intention at an appropriate moment in the future. Prospective memory tasks can be more or less important. Important intentions often get more attentional resources in order to be successfully remembered. However, sometimes, it is not possible to neglect the ongoing task even if the prospective memory task is important. In prospective memory research, common manipulation methods include relative importance instructions (i.e., emphasizing the prospective memory task more important relative to the ongoing task) or absolute importance instructions (i.e., emphasizing the prospective memory task itself). In most of studies, relative importance resulted in enhanced prospective memory performance but came at costs in the ongoing task. However, it is not clear to the influence of absolute importance effects on ongoing task performance. The multiprocess view suggests that depending on task resources demands, people rely to different degrees on monitoring versus spontaneous retrieval for prospective remembering. So far, only two studies (Einstein et al., 2005; Walter & Meier, 2015) investigated the impact of absolute importance and cognitive resources on prospective memory performance,and had inconsistent results on ongoing task performance. However, the absolute importance instruction uesd in the first study is similar to relative importance instruction, and the manipulation method of cognitive resources used in the second study may be ineffective. The aim of the present study was to examine?the?interaction between absolute importance of prospective memory and cognitive resources occupied by ongoing task.?In this study, absolute importance was varied by instructing participants that remembering to perform the prospective memory task was very important in half of the trials (high importance condition), whereas not important in other half (low importance condition). In addition, we adopted the Stroop task as ongoing task to manipulate cognitive resources occupancy rate, which contains congruent level (high resource occupancy condition) and incongruent level (low resource occupancy condition). The experiment conformed to a 2(absolute importance: high vs. low) by 2(ongoing task congruency: congruent vs. incongruent) within-subjects design. The prospective memory task was to press a specific key if the participant happened to see one of four target color(i.e., pink) during performing the Stroop task. Results showed that the prospective memory performance in the congruent condition was faster than the incongruent condition. For the accuracy and RTs of the ongoing task, the interaction between absolute importance and ongoing task congruency was significant. The subsequent analysis revealed that in the congruent condition, the ongoing task performance with high importance of prospective memory task was better than that in the low importance condition. Under the condition of not congruent, the ongoing task performance with high importance of prospective memory task was poorer than that in the low importance condition. The present study suggests that ongoing task congruency affects prospective memory performance. Importantly, cognitive resources occupied by ongoing task moderates the effects of absolute importance on ongoing task. In the congruent condition, increased importance of prospective memory task may enhance the performance of ongoing task; while in the incongruent condition, increased task importance may interfere the performance of ongoing task.