初中生网络欺负的发展趋势：道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的作用

以496名初中生为研究对象, 对其网络欺负行为进行为期2年的4次追踪测试, 同时测试其道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注。采用潜变量增长模型探讨初中生网络欺负行为的发展轨迹, 并分析道德推脱、观点采择与共情关注的影响。结果发现, (1)在2年时间内, 初中生网络欺负行为呈显著下降趋势, 起始水平与下降速度有显著负相关; (2)道德推脱能显著正向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 负向预测其下降趋势; (3)观点采择能够显著负向预测初中生网络欺负行为的起始水平, 正向预测其下降趋势。上述结果肯定了道德推脱与观点采择对初中生网络欺负发展轨迹的预测作用, 以网络情境支持了道德推脱理论, 部分支持了社会信息处理模型。

The Developmental Trajectories of Cyberbullying among Chinese Junior High School Students: The Impacts of Moral Disengagement,Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern

School bullying is a significant and widespread problem among school-age children around the world. Because of its psychological and social maladjustment problems, bullying has been gaining the attention of both researchers and the public. In recent years, with the high-speed development of information technology and network technology, a new form of bullying has emerged, that is, cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is a contemporary variant of the traditional bullying, in which individuals intentionally and repeatedly hurt others in an electronic context. In the current studies of cyberbullying, most of them were based on cross-sectional study design. However, longitudinal studies are able to examine the dynamic processes of cyberbullying, as well as risk and protective processes associated with cyberbullying. These longitudinal research conclusions could contribute to the prevention and intervention of cyberbullying. Therefore, the aim of present research is to investigate the potential developmental trajectories and longitudinal risk factors of cyberbullying in adolescence. The present research examined the developmental trajectories of cyberbullying by employing a longitudinal, four-wave design. Moreover, the current research also examined the impacts of moral disengagement, perspective taking and empathy. The sample consisted of 496 adolescents (52.8% boys) in grade eight, who was followed up for two years from grade eight to grade nine. They were assessed on moral disengagement, perspective taking and empathy at Time 1, cyberbullying from Time 1 to Time 4. Using latent growth modeling, the current research examined: (1) adolescents’ initial levels and growth rate in cyberbullying over time; (2) the predictive effects of moral disengagement, perspective taking and empathy on both initial levels and growth rate in cyberbullying. The results of unconditional latent growth modeling analyses indicated that the junior high school students’s cyberbullying presents a decreasing trend significantly in the period of 2 years. Furthermore, the initial levels of adolescents’ cyberbullying were related to the growth rate in cyberbullying. Conditional latent growth modeling was examined with gender, moral disengagement, perspective taking and empathy as time-invariant risk fac--tors on both initial levels and growth rate in adolescents’ cyberbullying. The results showed that (1) moral disengagement has a significantly positive prediction on the initial levels of cyberbullying and negative prediction on the growth rate; (2) perspective taking has a negative prediction on the initial levels of cyberbullying and significantly positive prediction on the growth rate; (3) empathy has no prediction on the initial levels of cyberbullying and the growth rate. The present findings revealed developmental trajectories of adolescents’ cyberbullying. The results also suggested that moral disengagement and perspective taking could play an important role in the development of cyberbullying among adolescence. Overall, the findings support the theory of Moral Disengagement and Social Information-Processing Model.