The oblique effect and three-dimensional shape

The classical oblique effect refers to the finding that observers are faster and more accurate in discriminating the orientation of a line or edge when it is at or near vertical or horizontal than when it is at an oblique orientation (Appelle, 1972; Mach, 1861). Based on the finding that observer sensitivity to orientation of simple symmetric shapes like an ellipse or the letter "X" also exhibits an oblique effect, Li and Westheimer (1997) suggested that the effect does not arise solely from inequality of simple orientation-tuned receptors in early visual processing, but also involves later orientation processing that can encompass more complex inputs such as shape axes. In this work, we examined how the oblique effect impacts three-dimensional shapes defined by texture cues.