作为历史唯物主义范畴的预先推定和希望——恩斯特·布洛赫对历史唯物主义的创造性贡献

在最基本的类冲动萌芽中,希望已经是超出单纯类冲动的东西,它已经吸收了充满幻想的想象能力、思想上的预先推定能力.希望是最卓越的人的冲动,希望连同社会劳动、概念构成和意识构成一道属于我们人类学特性的基础.想象的人乃是希望中的人.人类历史不仅是一部阶级斗争史,也是一部包括希望、计划、预先推定、诗作、教育、哲学论述、政治计划和斗争等的历史.希望和展望对于每一种政治都具有重要意义.预先推定-希望-梦不仅仅是马克思主义的范畴,也是革命的现实政治的范畴.     

资本主义下的异化问题

资本主义对个性产生影响的中心问题是异化现象。异化是一种体验方式,在这种体验中个人觉得自己是一个外人,或如人们说的他变得和自己疏远起来。他体验不到自己是自我世界的中心、自己行动的创造者——而他的行动和行动的结果却变成了     

整块并行分布处理与认知科学的计算主义基础

60年代后期,心灵哲学家(或译心智哲学家)之间曾有一场大争论,关涉哥德尔定理的不可判定命题是否为下述结论提供了很好的理由的问题:人脑在计算上天生地强于任何从原则上说可以构造出来的机械的(即非人类的)计算自动机。应予注意的是:这场争论产生于这样的时刻,当时人们公认计算自动机的具体例证是冯·诺意曼型的串行的,顺序操作的数字计算机。如今,W.D.希利斯(Hillis)已经发明一种具有完全相异结构的计算自动机,即所谓的“连接机”     

Jewish medical ethics in the care of the cancer patient

The care of the patient with cancer requires the development not only of a medical plan, but an ethical plan as well. This plan should integrate the physician's and the patient's perceptions of medical and ethical propriety. Jewish biomedical ethical principles are based on the teaching of the Old Testament and its various interpretations. In this paper, I discuss how these principles can be used to help guide the physician caring for the patient with cancer. Other ethical systems could be applied in a similar fashion.     

宗教在道德教育中的作用

长期以来,大多数宗教总是很自然地把道德与宗教信仰和实践联系在一起。例如,在古希腊,道德教育基本上是通过传奇式的宗教文学来进行的,象关于上帝的传说以及希腊英雄的故事等。正是由于这个原因,柏拉图十分审慎地对待道德教育中所采用的诗歌和典故。柏拉图批评当时的大多数诗歌,认为他们不适合于用来教育青少年,因为这些诗歌错误地把上帝描绘成具有迷惑力的、骗人的、好战的和假的东西。相反,柏拉图认为真正的上帝是完美无缺的,是不可更换的,也不可能欺骗人。     

Recovery of Locomotion in Monkeys With Spinal Cord Lesions

This study reanalyzes kinematically (via film) the pre- and postoperative locomotor behavior of 4 of the 10 monkeys with partial spinal cord lesions (T8) briefly described by Eidelberg, Walden, and Nguyen (1981). The behavior of the remaining 6 monkeys is qualitatively described. The analysis reveals that 5 of the animals initially exhibited unilateral hind limb stepping. Hind and forelimb cycle durations often differed postoperatively; the hind limbs commonly showed increased values, whereas forelimb cycle durations were reduced: ipsilateral interlimb phase values were usually inconsistent. A review of prior studies of primate spinal cord lesions indicates that sparing of the ventrolateral quadrant may not be essential for locomotor recovery (cf. Eidelberg, Walden, & Nguyen, 1981). Furthermore, this review as well as the kinematic analysis indicates that primates with very significant spinal lesions can stilI exhibit locomotor movements. Thus, although the primate's spinal cord seems less able than other mammals' to readily organize locomotor movements (Eidelberg, Walden, & Nguyen, 1981), the total absence of stepping in primates with completely transected cords is unexpected and warrants further research.     

The autoshaping procedure as a residual block clock

In the first experiment, 4 pigeons were each presented with a recurring sequence of four key colors followed by the delivery of grain (block clock). Once the rate of pecking had stabilized, three of the colors were replaced, during different series of sessions, by a darkening of the key. The rate of pecking was reduced within those segments of the interval between deliveries of food during which the key was dark; when the key was dark during the final portion of the interval, rates were reduced throughout the entire interval. In the second experiment, 3 new pigeons were exposed to a different sequence of colors, and the final stimulus was replaced in successive conditions by a novel color, a darkened key, and a restoration of the original color. The data indicated that darkening the key had a more severe, more extensive, and more persistent effect than did a mere change in color. These results suggest that it may be fruitful to conceptualize the autoshaping procedure as a special version of the block clock in which pecking is suppressed throughout the greater part of the interval by darkening the key. In the final condition, the same stimulus appeared in each of the last three portions of the interval. The rate of pecking was lower during the last two portions than when distinctive colors were presented, with the peak rate now appearing in the fifth of seven equal temporal components.