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Charles Arthur Willard 《Argumentation》1991,5(1):91-107
Argument theorists often stress the idea of adaptation to context as an alternative to seeing argument as linked propositions. But adaptation is not a clear idea. It is in fact a complicated puzzle. Though many aspects of this puzzle are obscure, one clear conclusion is that the question-answer pair is not a good way to conceptualize adaptation to situation. 相似文献
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The validity of a univocal multiple-choice test is determined for varying distributions of item difficulty and varying degrees of item precision. Validity is a function of
d
2
+
v
2
, where
d measures item unreliability and
v measures the spread of item difficulties. When this variance is very small, validity is high for one optimum cutting score, but the test gives relatively little valid information for other cutting scores. As this variance increases, eta increases up to a certain point, and then begins to decrease. Screening validity at the optimum cutting score declines as this variance increases, but the test becomes much more flexible, maintaining the same validity for a wide range of cutting scores. For items of the type ordinarily used in psychological tests, the test with uniform item difficulty gives greater over-all validity, and superior validity for most cutting scores, compared to a test with a range of item difficulties. When a multiple-choice test is intended to reject the poorestF per cent of the men tested, items should on the average be located at or above the threshold for men whose true ability is at theFth percentile.This research was performed under contract Nop 536 with the Bureau of Naval Personnel, and received additional support from the Bureau of Research and Service, College of Education, University of Illinois. 相似文献
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Dallas Willard 《Topoi》2003,22(1):69-78
I undertake to explain how the well known laws of formal logic – Barbara Syllogism, modus ponens, etc. – relate to experience by developing Edmund Husserl's critique ofFormalism and Psychologism in logical theory and then
briefly explaining his positive views of the laws of logic. His view rests upon his understanding of the proposition as a
complex, intentional property. The laws of formal logic are, on his view (and mine), statements about the truth values of
propositions as determined by their formal character and relationships alone. The laws thus understood explain how algorithms
set up to mirror them can accomplish what they do to advance knowledge, even though they operate purely mechanically. Further,
they explain the proper sense in which formal laws "govern," and may guide, processes of actual thinking. Husserl's theory
is a realist theory in the sense that, on his interpretation, the laws of pure or formal logic hold true regardless of what
any individual, culture or species may or may not think, or even if no thinking ever occurs.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献