人类无性生殖的伦理思考

人类无性生殖的伦理思考山西医科大学（太原０３０００１）史学英一旦克隆技术成功地应用于人体，人们便能轻而易举地复制出在性别、气质、爱好等方面都相同的复制品。美国学者约翰·托夫勒（Ｊｏｎｈｎ．Ｔａｕｆｌｅ）在《第四次浪潮》中曾预测，对ＤＮＡ的研究将是下...     

漫谈幻觉

“幻”乃虚无之意,“觉”指感觉。本来,只有在客观事物真正存在的情况下,通过人体的感受器和感觉器官(如眼、耳等)的感受,才能对该事物产生出感觉来。但在感知的基础上进行想象,也可以想象出许多景象来。唐朝诗人白居易的《长恨歌》:“忽闻海上有仙山,山在虚无缥缈间…     

身体姿式在表义方面的跨文化研究

在两项研究中,我们检验了用以判断姿式的维度结构的跨文化的适用性。在研究一中,686名日本被试用16个在意义上相差5个点的量表项目对40种姿式的表达进行了评定。被试在假设的双重情景中推断出一个编码人对自身(即对被试解码)的态度。一个主要成分的因素分析为三个独立的维度提供了证据,这三个独立维度与施洛斯伯格(1954)、奥斯古德(1966)和威廉姆斯与桑德恩(1965)所提出的类似。这三种因素被称为自我满足因素、人际间的积极因素和人际意识因素。在研究二中,336个日本学生用16个相差5个点的项目对40种姿式表达再度进行了评定,但对假设的编码人的身份试图加以控制。这项研究基本上重复了研究一的结果。有趣的是虽然我们发现了与西方所做的研究中相同的因素,但在我们的研究中,因素的顺序与以前的研究正好相反。本文对这些发现在维持人类关系中根据所提出的文化差异进行了讨论。     

具攻击性而被排斥儿童所关心的事情

近来有关同伴排斥行为基础的研究,强调把攻击性作为决定儿童在同伴团体中地位低下的一个因素.被排斥儿童有许多子群,除攻击性被研究过外,其它子群还没有得到研究.本文将讨论一个在中学进行的研究.它把被排斥的学生分成两组:一组为高攻击性组,另一组为易被驱使组.在研究中,我们使用了由Asher、Hymel和Renshaw(1984)发展起来的测量孤独和社会不满(Social dissatisfaction)的方法.     

Effects of reinforcer delays on choice as a function of income level

Three rats earned their daily food ration by responding during individual trials either on a lever that delivered one food pellet immediately or on a second lever that delivered three pellets after a delay that was continuously adjusted to ensure substantial responding to both alternatives. Choice of the delayed reinforcer increased when the number of trials per session was reduced. This result suggests that models seeking closure on choice effects must include a parameter reflecting how preference changes with sessionwide income. Moreover, models positing that reinforcer probability and immediacy (1/delay) function equivalently in choice are called into question by the finding that probability and immediacy produce opposing effects when income level is changed.     

甘岑的自然演绎演算

迄今为止,我们所主要讨论的逻辑演算,即用公理方法处理的狭谓词演算,标志着把数学方法运用于逻辑获得了显著的成功。这种演算的形式上的简易是令人称道的,从纯粹数学的观点看,它可以同公理化的射影几何及抽象群论这一类数学观念的完满体现的学科相媲美。此外,作为应用于研究演绎系     

Functional classes and equivalence relations

Three adult subjects were taught a set of two-choice simultaneous discriminations, with three positive and three negative stimuli; all possible combinations of positive and negative stimuli yielded nine different pairs. The discriminations were repeatedly reversed and rereversed, the former positive stimuli becoming negative and the former negative stimuli becoming positive. With all subjects, a reversal of the contingencies for one pair of stimuli became sufficient to change their responses to all of the other pairs. The reversals had produced functional stimulus classes. Then, all subjects showed conditional discriminations emerging between members of a functional class; given a sample from one class and comparisons from both classes, they selected the comparison that was in the same class as the sample. Next, 2 of the subjects showed that the within-class conditional relations possessed the symmetric and transitive properties of equivalence relations; after having been taught to relate new stimuli to existing class members, the subjects then matched other class members to the new stimuli. Subsequent tests of two-choice discriminations showed that the conditional discriminations had transferred functional class membership to the new stimuli. The 3rd subject, who did not show equivalence relations among functional class members, was also found to have lost the within-class conditional relations after the equivalence tests.     

论萨特尔

如果说,海德格尔是胡塞尔的追随者;那么可以说,萨特尔是海德格尔的追随者;如果说,海德格尔按照胡塞尔否定了的方向发展了现象学,那么萨特尔则是遵循着被海德格尔所摒弃的方法发展了至关重要的本体论学说。尽管海德格尔和萨特尔二人具有同样的现象学倾向,尽管他们都认为人处于一种衰落境况之中,但是,他们的理论动机却有着深刻的差别,并且他们的经历也很不相同。首先,萨特尔似乎对所谓浪漫主义的“存在的情感”不大感兴趣,而海德格尔却深受那种情感的影响。在萨特尔看来,存在既不向我们自动显露