甘岑的自然演绎演算

迄今为止,我们所主要讨论的逻辑演算,即用公理方法处理的狭谓词演算,标志着把数学方法运用于逻辑获得了显著的成功。这种演算的形式上的简易是令人称道的,从纯粹数学的观点看,它可以同公理化的射影几何及抽象群论这一类数学观念的完满体现的学科相媲美。此外,作为应用于研究演绎系     

Conditional relations by monkeys: Reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity

Two cynomolgous macaques categorized six colors into two groups of three after conditional discrimination training (zero-delay symbolic match-to-sample). The procedures resulted in the establishment of relations among the elements of each set-relations that were not specifically trained and that can be characterized by the properties of reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity. Each set of colors was related to a characteristic pattern of responding: One response pattern involved temporal duration (press and hold the response keys); the second response pattern entailed repeated pressing and releasing of the response keys (fixed ratio 8). Six combinations of two colors were trained, three combinations from each set. After discriminative performance stabilized for each monkey, they were tested with 10 additional color combinations, all of which differed from the training combinations. The conditional relations established between test combinations can be characterized as stimulus equivalence. The training procedures were analogous to the procedure of using category names, and have implications for understanding the function of language in the formation of equivalence classes.     

Units of analysis and kinetic structure of behavioral repertoires

It is suggested that molar streams of behavior are constructed of various arrangements of three elementary constituents (elicited, evoked, and emitted response classes). An eight-cell taxonomy is elaborated as a framework for analyzing and synthesizing complex behavioral repertoires based on these functional units. It is proposed that the local force binding functional units into a smoothly articulated kinetic sequence arises from temporally arranged relative response probability relationships. Behavioral integration is thought to reflect the joint influence of the organism's hierarchy of relative response probabilities, fluctuating biological states, and the arrangement of environmental and behavioral events in time.     

党給了我新的生命

我原是甘肃省会宁县人。我听老人說,大概是民国二十多年的时候,因天大旱庄稼全給晒焦了,家家沒收下一粒粮,都往外地逃起荒来。我們一家六口人:嫂子、姊姊饿死了,爹领着我媽妈、哥哥和才只有八岁的我,也是一路要着吃向外逃,要不着就挖吃野菜。当逃到了固原县海子峽时,我爹饿得实在撑不住了,就叫我哥哥去到路边一棵杏树上摘几个杏子来,沒想到叫有錢的财主看見了,二話沒說跑过来对着我爹举棍就是两棒,就这样送了他老人的性命。当时,我妈哭的死去活来。妈领着哥哥和我可往那里走啊,不知是往东有村,还是往西有店,真是唤天天不