演绎推理的形式和内容启动加工

聚焦推理加工初期,研究通过指导语操控主观加工倾向,考察不同指导语条件下内容可信度和形式有效性对演绎推理结果的影响,检验内容和形式两类加工过程的启动加工动态变化性。结果表明,指导语条件显著影响推理初期加工。在无提示指导语和形式判定指导语条件下,推理结果受到了形式有效性和内容可信度的影响;内容判定指导语下只受到了内容可信度的影响。证明主观加工倾向影响了内容和形式的启动加工关系,支持了动态变化性的假设。     

自我损耗、情绪动机对冲动决策的影响

以大学生为被试,探讨自我损耗、情绪动机对冲动决策的影响。采用2×2×2的混合实验设计,组内变量为自我损耗,组间变量为情绪动机方向和强度,使用双任务范式操作自我损耗,使用情绪动机图片启动被试的情绪动机,使用延迟折扣任务的指标k值测量冲动决策。结果发现,高趋近动机的k值大于低趋近动机,高回避动机的k值大于低回避动机。结果表明,自我损耗、情绪动机对冲动决策有明显影响。     

Mapping the development of facial expression recognition

Reading the non‐verbal cues from faces to infer the emotional states of others is central to our daily social interactions from very early in life. Despite the relatively well‐documented ontogeny of facial expression recognition in infancy, our understanding of the development of this critical social skill throughout childhood into adulthood remains limited. To this end, using a psychophysical approach we implemented the QUEST threshold‐seeking algorithm to parametrically manipulate the quantity of signals available in faces normalized for contrast and luminance displaying the six emotional expressions, plus neutral. We thus determined observers' perceptual thresholds for effective discrimination of each emotional expression from 5 years of age up to adulthood. Consistent with previous studies, happiness was most easily recognized with minimum signals (35% on average), whereas fear required the maximum signals (97% on average) across groups. Overall, recognition improved with age for all expressions except happiness and fear, for which all age groups including the youngest remained within the adult range. Uniquely, our findings characterize the recognition trajectories of the six basic emotions into three distinct groupings: expressions that show a steep improvement with age – disgust, neutral, and anger; expressions that show a more gradual improvement with age – sadness, surprise; and those that remain stable from early childhood – happiness and fear, indicating that the coding for these expressions is already mature by 5 years of age. Altogether, our data provide for the first time a fine‐grained mapping of the development of facial expression recognition. This approach significantly increases our understanding of the decoding of emotions across development and offers a novel tool to measure impairments for specific facial expressions in developmental clinical populations.     

Globalization and the contemporary development of Marxist philosophy: precondition, problem domain and research outline

Globalization was just emerging but did not really take shape during Karl Marx’s time. In fact, both Karl Marx and Engels predicted the trend of globalization but did not really live in such a time. Therefore, globalization is still a new issue and a new research area for Marxist philosophy today. Based on the distinctions between some important concepts such as globalization and modernization, this paper probes the problems concerning the development of modernity theory, social morphology and civilization theory, and the Marxist theory of values raised in the process of globalization. The paper also explores some theoretical issues concerning the socialist modernization with Chinese characteristics in the Marxist philosophy, and contemplates possible research areas, angles and methods of Marxist philosophical research in the global era. __________ Translated from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Studies), 2005 (9) by Ouyang Kang, Liu Yumei, Zhu Lingling     

Expatriates’ success in Ethiopia: Empirical evidence on the overlooked impact of cultural value alignment

The present study assessed the impact on the work engagement of expatriates’ personal value orientation alignment with the host country’s national culture. Participants were 231 expatriates from seven countries who are working in Ethiopia (females = 17%; mean age = 36 years, SD = 2.72 years). The expatriates completed measures of personal value orientation, cross-culture adjustment, and work engagement levels. Structural equation modelling analysis indicated expatriates with personal value orientations that align with the host country’s national culture to have a higher work engagement level. Cross-cultural adjustment mediated the relationship between personal value orientation and work engagement. Expatriates’ personal value orientation fit with the host country’s national culture is a resource to accomplish their work successfully.     

货币·金融危机·新自由主义——关于现代化与当代资本主义的访谈

The current global financial crisis is essentially a credit crisis of currencies. The divorce of the U.S. dollar from Gold Specie Standard makes its issuance under the control of the U.S. government and even risk losing control. When the U.S. dollar becomes the world currency,the U.S government would be able to influence and even control the central banks of other countries through issuing U.S. dollars. However,it may also lead to the credit crisis if there is no sufficient wealth to establish a solid found...     

贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩的关系研究

对贫困地区初中生学业自我效能、内部动机与学业成绩之间关系的测量研究表明：不同学业成绩组学生在自我效能、成功动机、促进性紧张、期望水平和自己责任性方面差异显著;学业自我效能与内部动机诸因素有密切关系、共同构成影响学业成绩的内在因素;对学业成绩正向预测作用最强的是自我效能,其次是促进性紧张和成功交往动机。     

目前我国农村邪教孳生蔓延的深层原因及其对策

20世纪80年代以来,邪教在农村不少地区禁而不止并呈曼延之势,其原因主要在于:1、中国传统的多神信仰民俗,为异端邪说的滋生蔓延提供了深厚的社会土壤;2、中国传统的灾难信仰制度与灾难信仰心态,使邪教的"劫变"观大行其道,并极大限度地增加了邪教的煽动性和扩张力;3、社会转型时期农村思想政治工作的薄弱、基层政权控制能力的疲软、文化娱乐生活的匮乏、价值信仰的失范,都给了邪教以可乘之机;4、农民物质生活的相对贫困,农村社会保障体系的欠缺,是邪教在广大农村扎根与发展不可忽视的物质因素.对农村邪教问题的治理是一项综合性的工程,主要包括:1、加强相关的法律建设和制度建设;2、建设农村基层组织中的斗争机制;3、加强宗教理论研究,普及宗教知识;4、大力加强社会主义精神文明建设;5、发展经济,建立和健全农村社会保障体系.     

大学生不同认知方式对图形推理水平的影响--兼谈认知过程中的人格作用

用镶嵌图形测验方法从大学生中选出场独立性、场中间性和场依存性被试各32名．在分段限时条件下解决瑞文标准推理测验的B、C、D、E组问题。实验结果表明．认知方式不同组被试图形推理总成绩差异显著,场独立组最高、中间组次之、场依存组最低;随推理问题难度的渐增(B→C→D→E),认知方式的作用效果愈加明显,场独立组、中间组对图形类比推理(B组)、系统变化(C组)和系列关系(D组)的推理水平显著高于场依存组,对复杂抽象问题(E组)的推理水平场独立组显著高于中间组和场依存组;认知方式可解释图形推理总成绩25．9％的变异,年级可解释11．2％的变异。认知方式是影响图形推理水平的重要人格变量。     

The rhythm of joint action: Synchrony promotes cooperative ability

Although evidence has suggested that coordinated action enhances rapport and fosters cooperation, the possibility that it might also influence the ability to pursue joint goals has yet to be demonstrated. We show that rocking in synchrony enhanced individuals’ perceptual sensitivity to the motion of other entities and thereby increased their success in a subsequent joint-action task that required the ability to dynamically detect and respond appropriately to a partner’s movements. These findings support the view that in addition to fostering social cohesion, synchrony hones the abilities that allow individuals to functionally direct their cooperative motives.