评蔡尚思的《评<孔子评传>》——兼评《孔子思想体系》

粉碎“四人帮”、拨乱反正以来,发表了几部关于孔子思想研究的专著和几百篇论文,这些论著观点不一,使孔子的研究空前活跃,呈现出气象万千的局面。然而有一个现象值得注意,就是论者大多各抒己见,互不交锋,即使出现分歧,也多不正面接火。学术研究是在不同观点的相互砥砺、切磋中发展的,不争论则难以长进。为了促进学术研究,本刊特设《争鸣》一栏,并发表汪琴炬同志评论蔡尚思同志关于孔子的观点的文章。这是一个开头,我们希望从此多嗅到一些争论的空气。汪文只代表目前孔子研究中的一种观点,我们深盼持其他观点的学者踊跃赐文。     

语言的神经基础研究进展

长期以来,语言功能与脑结构之间关系的研究主要依赖两个方法:(1),在局部脑损伤的失语症病人上作神经病理研究及在做过某些脑部位切除手术的病人上作语言行为研究,这类方法在于确立脑的某一部位的损伤与语言紊乱的联系;(2),在治疗癫痫病人做脑外科手术时,观察刺激有关皮层对语言行为的效应。此外还有两个较次要的方法,a.利用神经放射学技术(如脑血管放射线造影)对与语言紊乱有关的脑损伤部位定位;b.自一侧颈总动脉注射巴比妥盐(barbitunate)(Wada 测验),使一侧脑半球暂时抑制,进行语言行为研究。毫无疑     

情感主义德性伦理学：一种当代的进路

在当代德性伦理学的哲学思潮中,较之于学者们普遍重视的亚里士多德的理性主义传统,相对受到忽视的休谟的情感主义传统反倒更有可能为我们提供一种德性伦理学在当代复兴的思想源泉,在与儒家德性论会通的语境之下尤其如此.当代道德发展心理学的研究印证了休谟的移情观念,而这一移情观念又可以用来对道义论进行一种情感主义的辩护,即一种建基于移情观念的当代情感主义德性伦理学.     

Children's activities and their meanings for parents: a mixed-methods study in six Western cultures

Theoretical perspectives and research in sociology, anthropology, sociolinguistics, and cultural psychology converge in recognizing the significance of children's time spent in various activities, especially in the family context. Knowing how children's time is deployed, however, only gives us a partial answer to how children acquire competence; the other part must take into account the culturally constructed meanings of activities, from the perspective of those who organize and direct children's daily lives. In this article, we report on a study of children's routine daily activities and on the meanings that parents attribute to them in six Western middle-class cultural communities located in Italy, The Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden, and the United States (N = 183). Using week-long time diaries kept by parents, we first demonstrate similarities as well as significant differences in children's daily routines across the cultural samples. We then present brief vignettes--"a day in the life" --of children from each sample. Parent interviews were coded for themes in the meanings attributed to various activities. Excerpts from parent interviews, focusing on four major activities (meals, family time, play, school- or developmentally related activities), are presented to illustrate how cultural meanings and themes are woven into parents' organization and understanding of their children's daily lives. The results of this mixed-method approach provide a more reliable and nuanced picture of children's and families' daily lives than could be derived from either method alone.     

Gender stereotypes in management: a comparative study of communist and postcommunist Romania

This study sets out to investigate the changes in the perception of women in leading positions in communist and postcommunist Romania. The study uses a noninvasive paradigm of analyzing the content of obituaries for women and men in leading positions published in a national journal, and shows that the gender gap in management widened during the postcommunist period. In postcommunist Romania, women are perceived as being less able to lead/manage and more relational in their leadership style as compared to men, while in the communist period the gender differences were not significant.     

The role of rehearsals in self-generated prospective memory tasks

In order to inquire into the nature of retrieval in prospective memory in a naturalistic context, we investigated the number and circumstances of rehearsals of different kinds of intentions to be pursued during a single time period. Thirty-six students were given four minutes to generate a list of tasks they were planning to perform over the course of 10 days. During this retention interval, they were provided with pocket-size diaries in which they recorded the details of each occasion they thought about the tasks previously listed. As to the nature of any triggers or cues that prompted rehearsal, the participants were asked to choose one of three alternatives: (1) association with an internal or an external cue that accidently appeared in the surroundings (accidental rehearsals), (2) deliberate thinking, e.g. while planning (self-initiated rehearsals), (3) recollection that spontaneously popped into one's mind for no apparent reason (no-trigger rehearsals). The results showed that thoughts about intended actions appeared more often after accidental cues than for no apparent reason. However, the relative contribution of self-initiated triggers to the rehearsal process was substantial: Most importantly, it was the self-initiated rehearsal that differentiated between executed and unexecuted actions. In addition, the most activated intention resulted in a higher frequency of no-trigger and self-initiated rehearsals than the remaining intentions. Finally, perceived intention importance was positively related to both the number of rehearsals and the likelihood of successful task completion. The results are discussed with regard to which factors may be crucial for the successful performance of participants' own self-generated intentions in a natural setting. The role of deliberate rehearsal in specifying the details of the intended action and its designated retrieval context is highlighted.     

The development of intergroup bias in childhood: how social norms can shape children's racial behaviours

The present research examined the developmental course of racial behaviours in childhood. It tested the hypothesis that White children's expressions of racial prejudice do not necessarily decline in middle childhood due to the development of particular cognitive skills but that instead, as argued by the socio-normative approach, children older than seven will go on expressing prejudiced attitudes under appropriate conditions. This would be explained by the presence of an anti-racism norm, along with the existence of values promoting equal rights, which impede blatant expressions of racism. In the first study 283 White children aged 6-7 and 9-10 years performed a task of resource allocation to White and Black target children in conditions of high (White interviewer was present) or low (White interviewer was absent) salience of the anti-racist norm. The 6- to 7-year-old children discriminated against the Black target in both conditions whereas older children discriminated against the Black child only when the anti-racist norm was not salient. In Study 2, 187 White children aged 6-7 and 9-10 years performed the same resource allocation task in conditions of explicit activation of similarity vs dissimilarity or egalitarian vs merit-based norms regarding race relations. Supporting the hypothesis of the role of racist or anti-racist norms on the expression of intergroup discrimination, results have again shown that 6- to 7-year-old children discriminated against the Black target in both conditions while older children presented significantly different prejudiced/nonprejudiced behaviours consistent with the activated norms. These results were discussed in terms of the need for a reanalysis of the assumptions and research results of the cognitive-developmental theory and of further developments in the socio-normative approach regarding the development of prejudice in childhood.     

老年性记忆下降神经生物学研究进展

正常老年人记忆下降是众所周知的现象,它的一个显著特征是近期记忆下降,而远期记忆保持完好。即对新事件的记忆,特别是与一短暂时间或特殊环节相关联的事件,常常被遗忘,而那些长久不变的总则和训练娴熟的程序却记忆完好。老年的这种选择性记忆下降现象与临床双侧颞叶切除导致的病人记忆下降症状相似,而启者归因于双侧海马的损伤。近年,在动物上进行学习和记忆神经基础研究揭示,海马结构在新信息的记录中起关键作用。切除动物双侧海马则破坏记忆,并导致新获得的信息快速遗忘。老年动物也呈现记忆下降、其特征也很像双侧海马结构切除的动物。     

视觉注意的顶叶神经机制

大脑皮层后顶叶是联合皮层的一部分。它前界体感区,后接视纹前皮层。传统上认为,脑的某些将感觉传入、概念和思想等一些不同的活动的神经信号联合起来的脑区称联合皮层。它是神经整合的高级中枢。灵长类后顶叶联合区与视觉注意密切相关。近年来,美国威斯康星大学神经生理系Yin,T·C·T.及其共同工作者应用微电极技术结合行为指标,在清醒猴上,记录了视觉注意时后顶叶皮层单个神经元活动特征。他们发现,下顶叶(7区)有4类神经元与视觉注意有关,其中三类不是通常意义的感觉或运动神经元。这些神经元是在动物注视着关心的目标物时才活动。Yin等设想,下顶叶对来自两个不同来源的信号进行整合,