道德规范话语论证的几个主要问题

话语伦理学是现代和当代社会有关道德规范进行有效性和适当性话语论证的一种重要理论。在现代和当代道德意识发展的阶段上,只有通过话语才能够形成论证。普遍性原则、话语原则和适当性原则是论证的重要原则。但是,论证是有局限的,因为哈贝马斯将论证放置在生活世界、非暴力领域中。     

从现代逻辑观点看中国古代的有效推理

中国古代逻辑也是研究推理和论证的。推理和论证的主要目的是揭示一个命题为真的原因或理由。推理关系是一种 ＂必然地得出＂ 的关系。墨子提出了四种推理模式：＂辟＂、＂侔＂、＂援＂、＂推＂,而且把 ＂推＂ 又分为两种 ＂止＂,即归纳＂止＂ 式推论和演绎 ＂止＂ 式推论。特别地,墨家提出了 ＂效＂ 作为判定推理是否有效的标准。     

作为程序与属性的论辩术——析当代论证理论中“论辩术”视角的差异解读

当代论证理论中"论辩术"之理论视角存在着两种不同的解读方式。一种以语用论辩术理论为代表,将"论辩术"外化为论证活动的程序与规则,另一种以非形式逻辑理论为代表,将"论辩术"内化为论证成果的属性或品质。对这两种"论辩术"的解析将揭示出语用论辩术与非形式逻辑在规范性理论之建构与情境性实践之关注间的深层差异,同时也展现出其自身在谬误研究及论证界定等当代论证研究议题上的理论潜力。     

Introduction： Study Plato in China

Plato （427BC-347BC） is the philosopher of ancient Greece, perhaps the greatest one. His thought has played an important role in the development of the ideas of Western philosophy as well as in that of the whole culture. Regarding to his foundational and profound influence, Plato may be compared to Confucius who played similar role in the Chinese traditional culture. Plato＇s works is the most representative crown in the treasury of the ancient Greek culture, which belongs not only to Westerners but also to all mankind.     

Edmund Husserl＇s Political Praxis and Theoretical Reflections during World War I

Husserl the philosopher personally experienced World War I breaking out 100 years ago. Like most German and Austrian commoners, at the initial stage of the war, Husserl was extremely passionate for it. After undergoing the cruelty of war and losing many relatives and friends, he was once enmeshed in extreme confusion and disappointment, albeit he still made every effort to offer spiritual and ethical support to the soldiers at the front. Along with the proceeding of the war, he soon changed his views with respect to this war and confessed that more and deeper reflections were needed to address issues about problems of nationality, super-national ethics and about problems of wars relevant to them. He made philosophical theoretical reflections with regard to this war after it ended, and presented, eventually, requirements for himself： to be satisfied with taking the possibility of the practical activities of philosophy as the topic of philosophical theoretical study and to give up, in drastic fashion, the intention in such philosophical practices as providing political proposals and exerting political influences, ＂living purely as a scientific philosopher.＂     

＂I Effaced Myself＂ and ＂The Disappearance of the Subject＂： A Comparison between Zhuangzi and Jean Baudrillard＇s Anti-Subjectivism

In the chapter ＂The Adjustment of Controversies＂ in his eponymous work, Zhuangzi has the character Nanguo Ziqi declare ＂I effaced myself,＂ thereby holding that one can return to the state of naturalness only after breaking with the ＂self＂ that is in opposition to ＂objects,＂ abandoning his subject-object standpoint and entering a state of ＂effacement＂ wherein one fuses with the Dao. Coincidently, the French philosopher Jean Baudrillard also repeatedly stresses the ＂disappearance of the subject＂ in his later philosophy, trying to dissolve subject-centrism by means of a counterattack by the object wherein its logic would entrap the subject. Although they lived in different times, both Zhuangzi and Baudrillard note the same human predicament--the situation wherein the ＂I as subject＂ constantly obscures the ＂real I.＂ Their resolutions of the predicament are similar： both put their hopes in the dissolution of the ＂I＂ or self in subject-object relations, with Zhuangzi declaring ＂I effaced myself＇ and Baudrillard mooting the ＂disappearance of the subject.＂ They differ, however, on how to dissolve the ＂I＂ （myself）. Briefly, Zhuangzi advocates ＂effacing myself through the Dao,＂ that is, quitting one＇s ＂fixed mindset＂ and ＂egoism＂ and returning to the Dao by means of ＂forgetting＂ or ＂effacing＂; Baudrillard, on the other hand, proposes to ＂efface oneself through the object,＂ i.e., replace the supremacy of the subject with that of the object. Baudrillard＇s theory has often been criticized as pataphysics because of its nihilism without transcendence; in contrast, Zhuangzi＇s view, which construes the whole world as the unfolding of the Dao, seems more thought-provoking.     

许孚远哲学思想初探

许孚远是明代哲学家.其学说"以克己为要",突出了工夫的重要性.在心、性关系上,许孚远虽未一概反对"心即性"说,但他更倾向于将心、性确立为"一而二、二而一"的关系,或者说,心与性不离不杂.在人性善恶问题上,他对王门"无善无恶"之说较为不满,故作<九谛>以批驳大力宣讲此说的王门后学周汝登.本文认为,从师承关系上来看,许孚远可称为湛门后学(湛若水二传弟子);从其哲学思想的大端来看,我们也可以将许孚远定位为一个王学修正者,他的"克己"说、心性之辨及其与周汝登关于"无善无恶"问题的辩论,都可以看作是对王阳明及其后学弊病的修正.     

嫉妒心理——人生旅途的灾星

嫉妒比较普遍地存在于人与人之间,特别是彼此之间越了解,嫉妒心理就越强烈,这就是有的人允许陌生人发展而不能理解身边人进步的心理原因。在一个单位,如果谁进步快、发了财,立马就可能遭到周围一些人的嫉妒,因为他的某种优越表现往往恰恰映照出另一些人的某种不足。嫉妒既能发生在个人之间,也能发生在单位之间。单位之间的嫉妒就是所谓的“公妒”。英国哲学家培根概括得好：这种公妒,其实也是一种公愤。对于一个国家具有严重的危险性的一种疾病。     

应用伦理学研究的基本问题及其范式整合

科学哲学家波普尔指出,"问题"是研究活动的出发点,"科学只能从问题开始"[1].而"基本问题"则是一门学科问题研究中的核心和根本.     

英国马克思主义哲学的历史进程及其个性

在当下中国的西方马克思主义哲学研究中,人们普遍重视对西方马克思主义者的个体或流派的探讨,而忽略了对马克思主义哲学国别史的考察.换而言之,对于一种理论体系的考察,我们不仅要探究哲学家个人或哲学派别的思想,也要考察其在哲学传统和哲学形态上的差别.