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101.
Saville BK Zinn TE Neef NA Van Norman R Ferreri SJ 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2006,39(1):49-61
Interteaching is a new method of classroom instruction that is based on behavioral principles but offers more flexibility than other behaviorally based methods. We examined the effectiveness of interteaching relative to a traditional form of classroom instruction-the lecture. In Study 1, participants in a graduate course in special education took short quizzes after alternating conditions of interteaching and lecture. Quiz scores following interteaching were higher than quiz scores following lecture, although both methods improved performance relative to pretest measures. In Study 2, we also alternated interteaching and lecture but counterbalanced the conditions across two sections of an undergraduate research methods class. After each unit of information, participants from both sections took the same test. Again, test scores following interteaching were higher than test scores following lecture. In addition, students correctly answered more interteaching-based questions than lecture-based questions on a cumulative final test. In both studies, the majority of students reported a preference for interteaching relative to traditional lecture. In sum, the results suggest that interteaching may be an effective alternative to traditional lecture-based methods of instruction. 相似文献
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105.
Bioethicists have articulated an ideal of shared decision making between physician and patient, but in doing so the role of clinical uncertainty has not been adequately confronted. In the face of uncertainty about the patient's prognosis and the best course of treatment, many physicians revert to a model of nondisclosure and nondiscussion, thus closing off opportunities for shared decision making. Empirical studies suggest that physicians find it more difficult to adhere to norms of disclosure in situations where there is substantial uncertainty. They may be concerned that acknowledging their own uncertainty will undermine patient trust and create additional confusion and anxiety for the patient. We argue, in contrast, that effective disclosure will protect patient trust in the long run and that patients can manage information about uncertainty. In situations where there is substantial uncertainty, extra vigilance is required to ensure that patients are given the tools and information they need to participate in cooperative decision making about their care. 相似文献
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Beckett C Maughan B Rutter M Castle J Colvert E Groothues C Hawkins A Kreppner J O'Connor TG Stevens S Sonuga-Barke EJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):1063-1073
The relationship between severe early institutional deprivation and scholastic attainment at age 11 in 127 children (68 girls
and 59 boys) adopted from institutions in Romania was compared to the attainment of 49 children (17 girls and 32 boys) adopted
within the UK from a non-institutional background. Overall, children adopted from Romania had significantly lower attainment
scores than those adopted within the UK; the children within the Romanian sample who had spent 6 months or more in an institution
had significantly lower attainment scores than those who had spent less than 6 months in an institution, but there was no
additional risk of low attainment associated with longer institutional care after 6 months. The lower scholastic attainment
in the children adopted from Romanian institutions, as compared with domestic adoptees, was mediated by IQ, and to a lesser
degree, inattention/overactivity. When these factors were taken into account, only small between-group differences in attainment
remained. 相似文献
108.
This essay addresses the issue of indigeneity in terms of local cultures. The authors do so in conversation with Kim, Yang,
and Hwang’s recent book, Indigenous and Cultural Psychology: Understanding People in Context. The life and work of Virgilio Enriquez is reviewed briefly as an exemplary indigenous psychologist. He illustrates the possibility
of an indigenous psychology with a local, regulative grammar of cognition, affect, behavior, and relationships. The accounts
of the tower of Babel and Constantine point to the irreversible damage of homogenizing culture and imposing it on other cultures.
We argue that the imposition of a local, particular Western psychology on a global scale might risk a similar cost. The authors
propose that current research in indigenous psychologies might take more seriously the notion that culture is not monolithic
but should be understood from the point of view of the analysis of power relationships. Secondly, the authors argue that the
role of language has not received sufficient attention in terms of shaping thought and increasing the incommensurability between
cultures. Thirdly, it is argued that positivist epistemology has dominated the field and that more hermeneutic approaches
must be considered. Fourth, the question must be asked regarding who controls indigenous research. Too often control has been
exogenous rather than in the hands of local leaders. Finally, it is suggested that North Americans would do well to examine
and recognize the indigeneity of their own psychology. 相似文献
109.
This study used a multidimensional assessment of interpersonal power to examine associations between indices of relationship
power and relationship functioning in 92 adolescent romantic couples recruited from rural communities in the Rocky Mountain
region of the USA. Significant differences emerged between girlfriends and boyfriends in their reports of decision making
authority, perceptions of humiliating behaviors by the partner, and ratings of themselves giving-in to their partners in a
videotaped interaction task. In addition, indices of interpersonal power were associated with dating aggression and relationship
satisfaction for both girlfriends and boyfriends, although gender differences emerged in the patterns of association between
power and outcomes. Results are discussed in light of current developmental, feminist, and social psychological theories of
interpersonal power in romantic relationships. 相似文献
110.
Two studies examined a novel prediction of the causal Bayes net approach to judgments under uncertainty, namely that causal knowledge affects the interpretation of statistical evidence obtained over multiple observations. Participants estimated the conditional probability of an uncertain event (breast cancer) given information about the base rate, hit rate (probability of a positive mammogram given cancer) and false positive rate (probability of a positive mammogram in the absence of cancer). Conditional probability estimates were made after observing one or two positive mammograms. Participants exhibited a causal stability effect: there was a smaller increase in estimates of the probability of cancer over multiple positive mammograms when a causal explanation of false positives was provided. This was the case when the judgments were made by different participants (Experiment 1) or by the same participants (Experiment 2). These results show that identical patterns of observed events can lead to different estimates of event probability depending on beliefs about the generative causes of the observations. 相似文献