判断与决策中的情感启发式

情感启发式是指在判断与决策的过程中,个体会有意识或无意识的利用自己对任务选项的主观情感反应来做出决策。具体来说,个体头脑中物体和事件的表征会激起不同水平的情感体验,这种不同的体验会对所有的表征做出积极或消极的标记,人们根据这些被标记的体验来做出判断和决策。情感启发式是个体在决策中常用的策略。目前,关于情感启发式心理机制的解释主要有情感启发式模型和双加工理论。此外,情感启发式的影响因素主要包括经验、时间压力、可评估性和计数能力等。未来的研究应主要集中在探究情感启发式的产生根源和进一步扩展情感启发式应用领域的研究。     

产品设计领域的消费者审美体验

消费者从产品设计上获得的审美体验会影响他们对产品的感知和购买.审美体验的作用机制涉及神经科学研究、信息处理模型和情感反应过程三部分.具体图形与结构元素、一般化的设计要素、个体因素都会影响消费者对设计的审美体验,而审美体验会进一步通过溢出效应、感染效应和对比效应等方式影响产品性能感知、产品评价和购买意向.未来研究应解决已有研究结果间的矛盾并继续探索美学在消费者行为领域的理论和实践价值.     

中国传统情感心理学中“儒道互补”的情感模式

与西方侧重于情感的生理机制及概念的厘定不同 ,中国传统心理学突出了情感在现实生活中对主体心理的实际功效 ,它通过两种相异的情感类型———儒家重理性认知的道德情感和道家重感性体验的审美情感之间的相补相成 ,即一种儒道互补的情感模式 ,使主体既可获得合乎规范的社会情感 ,又可享受精神自由的个体情趣 ,进而使情感对主体心理生活的调适功能得到最大限度的发挥     

情感预测中的聚焦错觉

聚焦错觉是个体在进行情感预测时,错误地估计了聚焦事件会对情绪造成影响的一种倾向.聚焦错觉是造成情感预测偏差的重要原因.其心理机制主要包括直觉预测和可得性模型.聚焦错觉的影响因素主要有预测事件的情感效价、性质,情境因素、个体习惯和文化差异等.其应对策略主要有去焦点化和情感平均.未来的研究应从聚焦错觉与忽视情绪适应的关系、聚焦错觉的产生根源以及聚焦错觉与其他聚焦效应的关系等方面来进一步探讨.     

情感触摸对心理健康的影响及应用

情感触摸指那些用来表达爱、关心、欣赏等感情或者被认为传递了这类信息的触摸行为。触摸愉悦感的产生与存在于人类多毛皮肤中名为C触觉的一组低阈值机械感受传入神经有关。早期经验和社会文化因素共同塑造了个体的触摸体验模式, 积极的体验模式能够增强社会联系, 促进亲密关系, 触摸回避则与某些心理障碍有关。情感触摸具有治疗功能, 但在心理治疗领域的应用涉及伦理问题, 中介触摸和替代触摸可以作为解决触摸回避和伦理问题的新方法。     

领导者情感的作用机制：一个跨层的整合观点

领导者情感能够影响下属个体绩效和团队整体绩效, 但作用机制尚不清晰。基于情感事件理论和情绪传染理论, 在个体层面上, 领导者情感通过情绪传染和领导者行为两条路径影响下属情感, 进而影响下属绩效和工作态度。其次在团队层面上, 个体情感通过情绪传染和交叉影响形成团队情感基调, 通过影响团队过程, 进而影响团队绩效。最后, 文章提出领导者情感的跨层整合模型, 并对未来研究方向进行讨论。     

去焦点化提升体验幸福的积极意义及心理机制

去焦点化是指通过操纵个体对焦点以外的非焦点事件或因素的关注, 从而减少焦点事件对个体认知判断和情绪影响的一种策略。如何利用去焦点化减少聚焦错觉对体验幸福所造成的消极影响, 提升体验幸福, 是积极心理学关注的热点。研究发现, 可以通过去焦点化策略, 减少个体对不同类型消极情绪的聚焦错觉, 以达到提升体验幸福的目的。其心理机制可从注意分散假设和情感加工理论进行解释。未来研究可进一步关注: (1)一般去焦点化与自我相关去焦点化的比较与探讨; (2)去焦点化对后续体验幸福的影响; (3)重新聚焦对个体体验幸福的影响。     

艺术魅力:潜意识的满足

情感是个体对外界的评价、调节系统,人们往往根据情感决定下次对同一事物的反应.人类在漫长的适者生存不适者被淘汰的进化过程中,形成了一种内在的反应机制,就是潜意识的作用方向是满足潜意识.满足潜意识就会产生幸福、愉悦、美感等正向情感.社会、经济、文化等方方面面的影响都会在个体潜意识中留下痕迹,形成合力.一旦满足,包括在现实生活中的真正满足,或在文学、艺术作品中的虚拟满足,都会使人产生愉悦、惊喜等情感,对接受主体产生吸引力.艺术魅力就来源于主体在文学,艺术作品中获得的潜意识的满足.     

“时间流”:概念、维度及影响因素初探

"时间流"(timeflow)是指从行为体验的角度来定义时间,即个体在当前某项活动中所感知到行为体验的时间过程,塑造"时间流"的维度包括:外部场景的塑造、自身肢体动作的配合、活动规则的初步感知、目标情感的逐渐融入、文化喻义的深入联想。影响个体"时间流"的主要因素包括感知和情绪,"时间流"也会影响消费体验和幸福体验。未来应关注时间"双扭结"价值函数如何影响人们的行为决策及验证"时间流"五个维度之间的耦合关系。     

城乡小学生移情发展的比较研究

一、引言移情是指个体由他人的情绪、情感状态引起的并与之一致性的情绪、情感体验,是一种替代性情绪、情感反应能力。它包括认知和情感两个因素,而情感因素又有两个方面:同情感,与利他的助人行为有关;自我感受,与自利的助人行为有关。本研究旨在从移情的情感因素入手,了解小学生移情情感方面的发展趋势及其结构变化,并考察是否存在男女差异及城镇乡的地区差异,以便为探索我国儿童亲社会行为的发展积累资料,为有的放矢地对儿童进行品德教育提供心理学依据。     

Loneliness of adult and juvenile prisoner influences on psychological affect: Mediation role of control source

Prisoners' affective education is a hot topic in criminal psychology. The lack of the social support for prisoners means that they are more prone to loneliness. The mental health status of the prisoners directly concerns their social adaptation when released. We therefore explored the relationship between loneliness, psychological affect, and control source in 201 prisoners. Prisoners completed the state and trait loneliness scale, the affectal scale, the internal control, powerful others, and chance scale. Mediation effect analysis was conducted to explore the mediation role of the control source from influence of loneliness on psychological affect. State loneliness indirectly affected positive affect through internal control factors. Trait loneliness directly affected negative affect, and trait loneliness indirectly affected negative affect through opportunity factors. Overall, this study uncovers some of the psychological mechanisms underlying emotional state in prisoners, highlights the need for effective psychological correction programmes in the prison system and provides reference for effectual ascension of prisoners out of jail.     

Cultural variation in affect valuation

The authors propose that how people want to feel ("ideal affect") differs from how they actually feel ("actual affect") and that cultural factors influence ideal more than actual affect. In 2 studies, controlling for actual affect, the authors found that European American (EA) and Asian American (AA) individuals value high-arousal positive affect (e.g., excitement) more than do Hong Kong Chinese (CH). On the other hand, CH and AA individuals value low-arousal positive affect (e.g., calm) more than do EA individuals. For all groups, the discrepancy between ideal and actual affect correlates with depression. These findings illustrate the distinctiveness of ideal and actual affect, show that culture influences ideal affect more than actual affect, and indicate that both play a role in mental health.     

情绪自旋及其心理健康功能

情绪自旋是度量核心情绪个体内可变性的一种非认知性的人格特质。其通常采用经验取样法或日间重构法来对个体核心情绪状态进行每日动态跟踪, 并根据测评周期内的核心情绪空间位置的矢量角度的跨时间标准差来反映个体核心情绪状态的时间波动特性。基于情绪事件理论, 日常负性事件经历及其评估导致了个体情绪自旋的产生, 而动态情绪模型进一步解释了情绪自旋对心理健康功能的阻碍作用。未来应在情绪自旋的心理健康作用机制方面进行深入研究。     

Positive affect, negative affect, stress, and social support as mediators of the forgiveness-health relationship

Structural equation modeling was used to test a model in which positive affect, negative affect, perceived stress, and social support were hypothesized to mediate the relationship between forgiveness and mental and physical health. Six hundred and twenty-three undergraduates completed a battery of self-report measures. Results of the analyses indicated that the forgiveness-health relation was mediated by positive affect, negative affect, stress, and the interrelationship between negative affect and stress. There was limited support for social support and the interrelationship between positive affect and social support as mediators. The results suggested that the relationship between forgiveness and health is mediated rather than direct. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

Cultural Psychotherapy: A Consideration of Psychosocial Class and Cultural Differences in Group Treatment

Most psychotherapists are aware of the many social issues and cultural factors that influence development throughout each individual life. Human nature, being a social nature, exists within relationships to others, the community, and a culture, sometimes a mixture of cultures. One social parameter, social class, redefined here as psychosocial class, has not received the same attention from psychotherapists as gender issues or ethnicity, two other important sociocultural spheres of influence on everyday life. It is suggested that group therapists are in a unique position to develop a cultural psychotherapy that addresses psychosocial class and cultural aspects of mental health. This paper includes a preliminary model of cultural psychotherapy that highlights the psychology of social class and culture for psychodynamic group psychotherapy.     

Trait emotional intelligence and mental distress: The mediating role of positive and negative affect

Over the past decade, emotional intelligence (EI) has received much attention in the literature. Previous studies indicated that higher trait or ability EI was associated with greater mental distress. The present study focused on mediating effects of positive and negative affect on the association between trait EI and mental distress in a sample of Chinese adults. The participants were 726 Chinese adults (384 females) with an age range of 18–60 years. Data were collected by using the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that EI was a significant predictor of positive affect, negative affect and mental distress. Further mediation analysis showed that positive and negative affect acted as partial mediators of the relationship between EI and mental distress. Furthermore, effect contrasts showed that there was no significant difference between the specific indirect effects through positive affect and through negative affect. This result indicated that positive affect and negative affect played an equally important function in the association between EI and distress. The significance and limitations of the results are discussed.     

The affective personality,sleep, and autobiographical memories

Patterns of affect, sleep, and autobiographical memories seem related but there are no studies we know of to verify the notion. The purpose of this research is to investigate interrelationships’ between profiles of affect, sleep, and autobiographical memories. A cross-sectional design is employed. Three hundred and thirteen adult students participated. The data generated are viewed from two complementary perspectives. Our cluster analyses identified a group of individual states whose lives appear to be arousing and stressful (high positive and negative affect) yet they slept significantly better than self-destructive states (high on negative affect and low on positive affect). Our regressions imply that negative autobiographical memories are involved in a relationship with sleep independently of fairly stable patterns of affect, biological sex, and age. We finish by noting that apart from investigating these relationships longitudinally, cultural differences in patterns of affect and their health correlates should be explored.     

“You have to be mental to jump off a board any way”: Elite divers' conceptualizations and perceptions of mental health

ObjectivesMental health research in elite sport focuses predominantly on mental illness prevalence rates and help-seeking behaviours. Diving has been identified as a sport that generates particular challenges for maintaining mental health, yet has received scant attention from researchers. Therefore, purpose this paper explores what mental health and mental health related behaviours mean for a group of young, elite athletes as conditioned by their peculiar social context as elite athletes.MethodSemi-structured interviews were conducted with purposely sampled eight elite divers aged between 14 and 24 years with between 5 and 16 years of diving experience who have competed in international level diving competitions including Olympic, Common Wealth and World Cup competitions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsAnalysis identified mental health literacy, experiences of mental health, risk factors, and opportunities for support as themes. Mental health generated negative connotations for participants attributable to knowledge development occurring through personal and vicarious experience of mental illness. Limited knowledge of symptoms of mental illnesses was evident. Participants identified a range of risk-factors inherent in their sport performance and culture revealing a performative and gendered dimension to mental health.ConclusionsOur results indicate the need to recognize the performative nature of mental health for elite divers and therefore social and cultural influences alongside biophysical. Greater efforts need to be made to help improve the overall mental health literacy of elite divers so they may be able to seek the support and treatment they need.     

自我同情和睡眠质量的关系：积极和消极情绪与自我控制的中介作用

为探究积极和消极情绪与自我控制在自我同情与睡眠质量间的中介机制,采用问卷法对477名成人进行调查,建立结构方程模型对中介效应进行检验。结果发现：（1）自我同情、积极情绪、自我控制和睡眠质量两两之间均为显著正相关,而上述变量与消极情绪均为显著负相关;（2）自我同情可分别以积极情绪、消极情绪和自我控制为中介来预测睡眠质量;还可依靠消极情绪与自我控制的链式中介效应来间接预测睡眠质量;但是,自我同情对睡眠质量的直接效应不显著。该研究结果为改善睡眠质量提供了新的干预视角。     

文化震荡及其对个体心理健康的影响

当前我国正在经历的急剧社会文化变迁对众多个体心理产生了强烈冲击,形成了文化震荡,并在不同程度上影响了其心理健康。研究表明,由于不同个体的经历和应付方式不同,其对文化震荡的承受能力也不同。因此,深入研究文化震荡的形成及其对不同个体的影响,充分挖掘各种文化有益于维护个体心理健康的宝贵遗产,建立个体心理健康防卫、救护机制和社会安定预警机制,是一项刻不容缓的紧迫任务。