表象—认知吝啬原则：MHD问题另释

本文首先对MHD问题的研究现状进行了简要回顾,然后对MHD问题中出现的“概率错判”和“选择固着”两种现象给出了一种基于表象—认知吝啬视角的解释。该视角认为,人们无论采用的是顺向表征还是逆向表征,都采用了动态表象表征问题,而依照认知吝啬原则,动态表象要模拟轿车在门1、门2之间以1：2的比率出现的状态很难,却极容易模拟成轿车在门1门2间随机出现的状态;这导致了人们形成“概率错判”;对于“选择固着”问题该视角则认为,它的出现是不变比改变更符合认知吝啬原则的结果。     

叙事语篇中时间表征的评定差异研究

为了探讨时间表征在多大程度上影响人们对叙事属性的判断,让66名博士生被试对12篇删除了明显时间概念词的叙事语篇（创造性与非创造性叙事各6篇）进行时间表征方面的评定,从而检验了“过去”、“现在”、“将来”等时间概念在叙事语篇中的时间表征意义,以及存在的性别、年龄等差异。     

来源检测对表象引发的错误记忆的影响

采用“学习-再认”模式,考察来源检测对表象引发的错误记忆的影响。结果发现,在再认任务中,正确再认观察项目与想象项目的反应时差异不显著,但在源检测中,正确再认观察项目显著快于正确再认想象项目; 再认时与源检测时的错误再认率差异不显著,但对想象项目的错误再认率显著高于对观察项目。这表明,表象会导致错误记忆发生,提高来源检测操纵并不能够削弱表象引发的错误记忆。根据研究结果提出“表象激活混淆假设”,认为人们虽然使用表象的信息表征方式,却无法获取与之联系的激活路径,容易混淆表象激活的来源。表象激活混淆是表象引发错误记忆的机制。     

表象、客体化行为与意向性——早期胡塞尔对意向性基本结构的探索

在《逻辑研究》的第五研究中,胡塞尔批评了布伦塔诺的“表象”概念,批评的焦点只有一个:布伦塔诺认为表象是所有意向体验的基本的意向性结构,而胡塞尔则认为客体化行为才是所有意向体验的基本的意向性结构。布伦塔诺的表象理论奠基于描述心理学的分析,也即是以他对“心理现象”     

关于概念形成的问题

“概念是一种反映着现实世界的对象和现象的本质的、必然的特征和关系的思惟形式”。“概念的第一个特点是普遍性”。“概念把一切人(不管这一人或那一人是怎样给自己表象某一对象)所公认的内容确定为知识体系。与表象不同,概念没有具体的直观性……没有语词,概念既不能产生,也不能存在。”在1955年出版的苏联大百科全书第三十四卷(149—150页)中就是这样给概念下定义的,差不多一样,在罗森塔尔和尤金编的简明哲学辞典(1955年中文版684—686页)中也是这样给它下定义的。这里指出了概念所具有的五个特征:它(1)客观地反映着事物     

中国人法律概念的心理结构探究:一项对词的自由联想结果的内容分析

1　前言　　社会性概念的结构 (或表征 )是近年来社会认知研究领域的一大类热点课题。国内心理学界的有关研究已经涉及大学生自我概念的结构、公众的智力观等 ,西方心理学界还涉及爱情和承诺 (ｃｏｍｍｉｔｍｅｎｔ)等概念的原型表征 ,也有人运用常识心理学的范式探讨爱情的结构等。但是 ,对“法律”这样一个常见的社会性概念的结构进行探讨尚未多见。本研究旨在揭示中国成年人头脑中存在的“法律”概念。对中国人法律概念的探讨应该考虑到一般概念的有关知识。关于概念的内部结构 (即表征 ) ,主要有以下一些模型 :①层次网络模型 ;②特征比…     

把非认知因素与非理性因素区分开来

在人的认识过程中具有“认知因素”和“非认知因素”。前者包括感觉、知觉、表象、概念、判断、推理以及直觉、灵感等,后者包括情感、意识、需要等。“认知因素”是主体对外部信息进行接收、储存、加工等活动的认识实施因素,它们既能直接形成新的知识,又能充当认识发展过程的环节。“非认知因素”是认识活动中的调节、     

视觉表象操作加工的眼动实验研究

本研究通过视觉表象旋转和扫描的眼动实验探讨表象的心理表征方式。实验一结果表明,眼动指标具有与反应时相类似的旋转角度效应。实验二结果显示,表象扫描的反应时和眼动指标都具有与知觉扫描加工一样的距离效应。由此可以认为,表象眼动与知觉眼动模式具有相似性;表象具有相对独立的心理表征方式并有其特殊的加工过程;表象的心理表征可以是形象表征,而非一定是抽象的命题或符号表征     

听觉诱发表象的眼动机制

视觉心理表象是一种基于过去经验的自上而下的加工过程,它是信息表征的一种形式.以往的研究主要采用视觉来诱发表象,但是这很难排除视觉后像的干扰,而且与表象“自上而下”的加工过程不一致.听觉诱发表象很好地解决了视觉后像的干扰问题,也更吻合表象“自上而下”的加工过程,因为被试产生的表象是基于自己过去的经验,从自身出发,主动加工的结果.采用实验法,考察通过听觉通道诱发表象眼动的情况,使用眼动仪记录被试的眼动轨迹.结果发现：（1）不管是运动还是静止的物体,都能诱发表象,在表象时存在眼动行为.（2）运动的物体诱发眼动的程度更大.（3）眼动影响表象的建构,在表象建构中起机能性作用.     

儿童的几何图形预期表象

将儿童几何图形预期表象分为两种水平,即再认水平的预期表象和生成水平的预期表象。采用“平移”、“对称”、“重叠”三种平面几何图形的预期表象作业和“展开”、“旋转”、“截面”三种立体几何图形的预期表象作业考察了3至12岁儿童几何图形预期表象的发生和发展。结果表明：儿童再认预期表象的发生早于生成预期表象的发生;儿童预期表象的发生和发展明显受几何图形类型和作业类型的制约     

Gibsonian representations and connectionist symbol processing: Prospects for unification

Summary Not long ago the standard view in cognitive science was that representations are symbols in an internal representational system or language of thought and that psychological processes are computations defined over such representations. This orthodoxy has been challenged by adherents of functional analysis and by connectionists. Functional analysis as practiced by Marr is consistent with an analysis of representation that grants primacy to a stands for conception of representation. Connectionism is also compatible with this notion of representation; when conjoined with functional analysis, it provides a means of analyzing psychological systems in term of rules and representations without becoming committed to symbolism. Direct theorists, who rejected the orthodox symbolist conception of representation because it violated their strictures against cognitive mediational mechanisms, should find it possible to accept rules-and-representations and information-processing analyses of the mechanisms of information pickup couched in terms of functional analysis.     

Doing Without Representation: Coping with Dreyfus

Abstract

Hubert Dreyfus argues that the traditional and currently dominant conception of an action, as an event initiated or governed by a mental representation of a possible state of affairs that the agent is trying to realise, is inadequate. If Dreyfus is right, then we need a new conception of action. I argue, however, that the considerations that Dreyfus adduces show only that an action need not be initiated or governed by a conceptual representation, but since a representation need not be conceptually structured, do not show that we need a conception of action that does not involve representation.     

概念及概念结构研究新进展

近来有关归类和概念结构的研究与理论出现了两个方面的转变。第一个方面是从概念定义属性的假设 (经典观 )到概念表征属性的观点 (概率观 ) ;第二个方面是从概念以相似性组织的观点到概念围绕理论而组织的观点。本文综合概述了基于相似性和理论驱动的归类理论。     

Representation of numerical and non-numerical order in children

The representation of numerical and non-numerical ordered sequences was investigated in children from preschool to grade 3. The child's conception of how sequence items map onto a spatial scale was tested using the Number-to-Position task (Siegler & Opfer, 2003) and new variants of the task designed to probe the representation of the alphabet (i.e., letter sequence) and the calendar year (i.e., month sequence). The representation of non-numerical order showed the same developmental pattern previously observed for numerical representation, with a logarithmic mapping in the youngest children and a shift to linear mapping in older children. Although the individual ability to position non-numerical items was related to the child's knowledge of the sequence, a significant amount of unique variance was explained by her type of number-line representation. These results suggest that the child's conception of numerical order is generalized to non-numerical sequences and that the concept of linearity is acquired in the numerical domain first and progressively extended to all ordinal sequences.     

The colourless canvas: representation, therapeutic action and the creation of mind

Freud's initial formulations viewed psychoanalysis as working towards the rediscovery of psychic elements - thoughts, feelings, memories, wishes, etc. - that were once known - represented in the mind, articulatable, thinkable - but then disguised and/or barred from consciousness. His subsequent revisions implicated a second, more extensive category of inchoate forces that either lost or never attained psychic representation and, although motivationally active, were not fixed in meaning, symbolically embodied, attached to associational chains, etc. Following Freud's theory of representation, the author conceptualizes these latter forces as "unrepresented" or "weakly represented" mental states that make a demand upon the mind for work and require transformation into something that is represented in the psyche, if they are to be thought about or used to think with. This paper describes, discusses and presents illustrations of this transformational process (figurability),that moves intersubjectively from unrepresented or weakly represented mental states to represented mental states, from force to meaning, from the inchoate to mental order.     

How Berkeley Corrupted His Capacity to Conceive

Berkeley’s capacity to conceive of mind-independent bodies was corrupted by his theory of representation. He thought that representation of things outside the mind depended on resemblance. Since ideas can resemble nothing than ideas, and all ideas are mind dependent, he concluded that we couldn’t form ideas of mind-independent bodies. More generally, he thought that we had no inner resembling proxies for mind-independent bodies, and so we couldn’t even form a notion of such things. Because conception is a suggestible faculty, Berkeley’s arguments actually made it the case that he himself couldn’t conceive of mind-independent bodies.

中小学教师知识观与教学观研究

本文就中小学教师对于知识和教学的基本观点以及它们之间的相互关系进行了初步探讨,结果表明：教师们普遍认识到知识是相对的、辩证的和有联系的,认为教学不是知识的简单地灌输而是帮助学生完成意义的建构。教师在知识观的“机械-辩证”和教学观的“接收-建构”两个维度之间存在显著的正相关．     

An Inferential Account of Model Explanation

Philosophia - This essay develops an inferential account of model explanation, based on Mauricio Suárez’s inferential conception of scientific representation and Alisa Bokulich’s...